Descriptive guide to the grounds, buildings and collections

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New York Botaniral Garden

BRONX PARK

DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE

TO THE

GROUNDS, BUILDINGS AND

COLLECTIONS

NEW YORK
SEPTEMBER, 1916

PRICE, 25 CENTS

THE LUESTHER T. MERTZ LIBRARY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

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THE LUESTHER T. MERTZ LIBRARY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

NEW YORK BOTANICAL (GARDEN
BRONX PARK

Descriptive Guide

TOW EE

Grounds, Buildings and Collections

Reprinted from the

Buietin oF THE New York Botanicat Garpben, No. 34

NEW YORK

SEPTEMBER, I916

Price, 25 Cents

_ PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

DESCRIPTIVE “GUIDE (TO) THE GROUNDS,
BUILDINGS AND COLLECTIONS

Third Edition*

Location

The New York Botanical Garden is situated in the north-
ern part of Bronx Park, north of Pelham Avenue, the
reservation including nearly 400 acres of land of a very
diversified character, furnishing natural landscapes of great
beauty and variety.

Means of Access

The Garden is conveniently reached in the following ways:

1. By the Harlem Division of the New York Central and
Hudson River Railroad to The Botanical Garden Station.

2. By the Third Avenue Elevated Railway system to the
terminal station of that road at Bronx Park.

3. By the Subway, Lenox Avenue and West Farms
branch, with transfer at 149th Street and Third Avenue to
Elevated Railway, thence to Bronx Park Station.

4. By trolley car on Webster Avenue to 200th Street or
the Woodlawn Road. This line connects with lines from
the western part of The Bronx on Fordham Road, and on
Tremont Avenue, and also with the line to Yonkers.

5. By trolley car on the White Plains road east of Bronx
Park from West Farms, Williamsbridge, and Mt. Vernon,
connecting with lines from the eastern part of The Bronx at
West Farms and at Mt. Vernon.

* For first edition see Bulletin no. 16: for second edition see Bulletin no. 23.

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6. By trolley car, on the Southern Boulevard to Pelham
Avenue. ‘This line connects with lines from the southern
and southeastern parts of The Bronx.

7. By driveways in Mosholu Parkway from Van Cort-
landt Park; from Pelham Bay Park through Pelham Park-
way; through the Crotona Parkway and Southern Boule-
vard from Crotona Park; there are also driveway entrances
at 200th Street, convenient for carriages coming from
Jerome Avenue; at Newell Avenue, at the northern end of
the Garden, for carriages coming from the north; at
Allerton Avenue on the eastern side of the Garden for
carriages coming from the east; and at the Woodlawn Road,
convenient for carriages coming from Yonkers, and from
other points west arid northwest of the Garden; there are
three driveway entrances from Pelham Avenue.

8. The White Plains Avenue Extension of the Subway,
with three stations east of the Garden is approaching
completion.

Purposes

The New York Botanical Garden was established by an
Act of the Legislature of the State of New York passed in
1891 and amended in 1894 “‘for the purpose of establishing
and maintaining a Botanical Garden and Museum and
Arboretum therein, for the collection and culture of plants,
flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical
science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original
researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording
instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition
of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening,
and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the
people.”

General Plan

Features of especial interest are:

1. The largest conservatories in America, for the cultiva-
tion of plants of tropical regions, one located near the en-
trance at the elevated railway station, and a second very

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large range, partly constructed, near the Allerton Avenue
entrance on the eastern side of the Garden.

2. The largest botanical museum in the world, located
near the Botanical Garden station of the New York Central
Railroad and the Mosholu Parkway entrance. This build-
ing includes a large lecture hall for public lectures in the
basement; and the library, laboratories for instruction and
research, and the herbarium, on the upper floor.

3. The pinetum, or collection of cone-bearing trees, mostly
evergreens, brought together on the hills and slopes on all
sides of the conservatories, range I, and in the space between
that structure and the museum building.

4. The herbaceous garden, situated in a valley east of
the conservatories, range I, near the Southern Boulevard
entrance, containing collections of hardy herbaceous plants,
arranged by botanical relationship, and also a collection of
similar plants, arranged to demonstrate elementary botany;
the economic garden, a plantation designed to illustrate
hardy plants whose products are directly useful to man, is
installed in the northern part of the same valley.

5. The fruticetum, or collection of hardy shrubs, located
on the plain northeast of the museum building at the Wood-
lawn Road entrance and extending northward into the
north meadows; this collection is also arranged by botanical
relationship.

6. The deciduous arboretum, or collection of trees which
lose their leaves in the autumn, located along nearly the
entire eastern side of the grounds from Pelham Avenue to
Williamsbridge.

7. Extensive flower gardens at conservatory range I,
along the path approach to this range from the Third
Avenue Elevated Railway Station, and along the west
border north to the Mosholu Parkway. The total length
of flower beds is over one mile.

8. The mansion, a stone house, built by the Lorillard
family in 1856, stands on the east side of the Bronx River,
above the waterfall. It contains meeting rooms, board

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rooms, horticultural laboratories, the collections of the
Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences, the office of the Secre-
tary of the Horticultural Society of New York, and the
shops of the Garden are in its basement.

g. Special collections of hardy plants in various parts
of the grounds, including willows in the north meadows,
Japanese cherries and a magnolia group in the arboretum,
forest herbaceous plants on the wooded bank north of the
long bridge east of the Bronx River; vines and climbers on
an arbor east of the economic garden, an iris garden at
Pelham Avenue and the Southern Boulevard; lilacs near
the museum building and at the foot of the Bronx Boule-
vard retaining wall, and conifer groups and rhododendrons
at various points and other special collections at other
places. A large rose garden is being constructed ina valley
south of the mansion.

In addition to these artificial features, the following
natural features are noteworthy:

10. The hemlock forest, a grove of the Canadian hemlock
spruce, clothing the hills between the museum building and
the Bronx River and covering about forty acres, consider-
able portions of it being primeval.

11. The gorge of the Bronx River, extending south from
the waterfall at the Mansion, along the edge of the hemlock
grove. ‘The river plunges through its gorge in a series of
rapids passing into quiet waters before it leaves the Garden
under the Linnaean Bridge.

12. The north meadows and river woods along the Bronx
River from the northern end of the hemlock grove to the
northern end of the Garden.

13. Deciduous woodlands on rocky ridges in the southern
and central parts of the reservation.

14. General park features.

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I. The Public Conservatories
Range No. 1

This great glasshouse, located but a short distance from
the terminus of the Third Avenue Elevated Railway, is 512
feet in length, with a central dome about go feet in height,
and wings extending from the main range in such a way as
to form a court open to the southwest. The area under
glass is about one acre. ‘The building stands on a terrace
5 feet in height, approached by six flights of cut granite
steps connecting with the path and driveway approaches.
The house contains fifteen compartments, separated by
glass partitions and doors.

House No. r contains palms of numerous species from all
parts of tropical and warm regions, both of the Old World
and the New. Of West Indian palms, the collection con-
tains the royal palm of Cuba and Florida, an elegant plant
of the corozo palm (Acrocomia media) of Porto Rico and the
Windward Islands; the cocoanut palm, planted in all
tropical countries for its fruit and for the numerous uses to
which its fiber, wood and leaves are applied; it is not
definitely known that the cocoanut palm is a native of the
West Indies, and where in the tropical regions it actually
originated is uncertain. Other tropical American palms
are illustrated by the silvertop palm (Coccothrinax argentea),
of Florida and the West Indies and by the curious Mexican
Acanthorhiza aculeata with spine-like roots on its trunk.
Old World species are shown in a very large tree of the
Chinese fan-palm, by the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
of northern Africa, and by numerous other large species
from the Pacificislands. Another Old World palm is Cala-
mus asperrimus, of Java, curious in its climbing habit; the
specimen here is over one hundred and fifty feet long; the
long tail-like appendages to the leaves, which have back-
wardly turned spines, enable the palm to climb on sur-
rounding vegetation. Related to the palms and shown by
numerous specimens in this house, we find a number of

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species of the Panama hat-plant family, the most conspicu-
ous being the Panama hat plant (Carludovica palmata), from
the young leaves of which the costly Panama hats are made.
Opposite the entrance to the court in this house, is a group
of bamboos, which belong to the grass family, the most
noteworthy of them being the Chinese bamboo (Bambusa
vulgaris), whose stems reach into the upper part of the
dome; this plant grows with great rapidity each year by
new shoots which come up from under ground, our measure-
ments showing that they reached 65 feet in height in 95
days, a rate of about 8 inches a day. The plant has been
introduced into the West Indies, and in places where it
grows its stems are put to a great variety of uses in con-
struction, for water pipes and for various utensils.

House No. 2 also contains specimens of the palm and
Panama hat-plant families, the smaller specimens of
tropical species being exhibited here. The collections of
palms now include about 175 species.

House No. 3 contains specimens illustrating several fami-
lies of monocotyledonous plants of tropical regions. The
amaryllis family is represented by a number of species of
the spider lily (Hymenocallis), bearing large white flowers,
the commonest being Hymenocallis expansa from the sandy
coasts of the West Indies; large plants of the genus Crinum,
some of which have white flowers and some red or purple,
may be seen on the middle bench, and the maguey of the
West Indies (a spiny-leaved relative of the century plant,
native of the West Indies, and used there for hedges), on the
northern bench; this name maguey is also applied in parts
of the West Indies to species of Agave, which will be found
in house 6.

Numerous representatives of the dracaena family, many
of which are used for ornamental planting in the tropics,
are on the north bench, with a few representatives of the
same family on the west end of the south bench. Larger
plants of this family will be found in house 4 adjoining.
The collection of the genus Sansevieria is also located on

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the south bench; many species yield a tough and valuable
fiber from the leaves; they are commonly referred to as
bowstring-hemp. ‘The collection of screw-pines, Pandanus,
occupies a large part.of the south bench, the larger speci-
mens being on the center bench opposite, and in the
adjoining house 4.

The tacca family, Taccaceae, is here represented in two
genera, Tacca cristata and Schizocapsa plantaginea, both
on! the north side of the center bench. This family is
closely related to the amaryllis family.

The arrow-root family is illustrated by the arrow-root
(Maranta arundinacea), native of South America, but
widely cultivated in the West Indies, its roots furnishing
the commercial product; Calathea comprises a large number
of tropical American plants noteworthy for their fine
foliage; and there are other genera represented.

House No. 4. Here are brought together many kinds of
large tropical plants belonging to families also represented
in the smaller houses, but too tall to be grown on the
benches.

The interesting screw-pines, natives of the Old World
tropics, are illustrated by several species, the leaves of
which are used in the manufacture of mats, hats and
baskets. ‘These plants are not at all related to pine trees,
the latter part of the name referring to the slight resem-
blance the leaves bear to those of pineapple plants, which
are commonly called pines in the tropics, while the remain-
der of the name was suggested by the spiral arrangement
of the leaves.

In this house may be found large specimens of the aroid
family, the most noteworthy one of these being a magnifi-
cent plant of Veitch’s tail-flower (Anthurium Veitchit),
from Colombia, which is believed to be the most elegant
plant of its kind in cultivation; climbing on trunks of trees
set as supports, will be found a number of vines of the
genera Philodendron and Monstera, one of these, Monstera
deliciosa, is a Mexican plant producing an edible fruit

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with the odor of pineapple. Another is Monstera late-
vaginata; the early leaves differ widely from the mature
ones. ‘The main aroid collection will be found in house Io,
and other plants at range 2.

A large tree of the common rubber plant, much grown in
parlors, may be found in the center of this house, reaching
to the roof; this is a native of tropical Asia and yields some
rubber, but not in as great quantity nor of as good quality
as the other rubber trees of South and Central America; it
is a species of fig (Ficus elastica); other species of Ficus are
shown in this house, notably a fine tree of Roxburgh’s
fig, which bears its inedible fruit in bunches near the base of
the tree, and a specimen of the Banyan tree (Ficus beng-
halensis). Chocolate trees (Theobroma Cacao), native of
tropical America, may be found near the northern door of
this house; the small white flowers are produced on the
trunk and on branches, and a few of them develop into
the large woody pods containing the seeds or chocolate
beans, which are dried and ground up into chocolate
and cocoa; specimens illustrating the chocolate industry
will be found in the economic museum. ‘The papaya, or
papaw, also of tropical America, is here also; its fruit,
esteemed as an aid to digestion, is borne just under the
crown of leaves. A specimen of the bread-fruit tree
(Ariocarpus incisa) may also be seen here; originally from
the islands of the Pacific, it was introduced into the West
Indies in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

Several interesting tall vines climb on the pillars of this
house, and on supports along the sides, among them the
night-blooming jessamine (Cestrum Parqut) of tropical
America, which opens its flowers after dark and exhales a
delicious perfume, the flowers remaining open during part
of the morning; Henderson’s Allamanda, of Brazil, with
its showy large yellow flowers, climbs to the roof.

House No. 5. The plants in this house are from desert
regions. Especial attention is called to their fleshy stems
or leaves which serve as storage organs for a water supply

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to carry them over periods of drought. On the right hand
bench, as one enters from No. 4, are mainly plants from
southern Africa: the carrion flowers (Stapelia), relatives of
our common milkweed of the roadsides; Gasteria, Hawor-
thia, and other South African representatives of the lily
family; and the fig-marigolds, Mesembryanthemum, be-
longing to the carpet-weed family.

On the end of the center bench, opposite to the entrance
from house 4, is the collection of the fleshy members of
the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, mostly natives of the
Old World. These closely resemble forms of the genus
Cereus and related genera of the cactus family, to be found
in houses 6 and 7. In fact the adaptation to an arid
environment, by the thickening of stems or leaves, is
strikingly illustrated in the plants of several families con-
tained in the collections in houses 5 to 8. On the westerly
side of the center bench are the aloes, mainly South African
members of the lily family. A large part of the remaining
portion of the center bench and the side bench on the east
side are devoted to members of the orpine family, many
of these interesting and beautiful forms. The echeverias
from Mexico and Central America, and the sempervivums
or house-leeks, from the Old World, are conspicuous
among these. Among other genera represented are Sedum,
Kalanchoe, Pachyphytum, and Crassula (in house 6 are large
specimens of Crassula portulacea). Many of the stone-
crops are hardy plants and a collection of these may be
found at the herbaceous grounds. A large number of
specimens belonging in this house and in the three following
ones may be found during the summer in the beds in the
conservatory court.

House No.0: Vhis is)’also'’a desert ‘house. |, On’ ‘the
corner benches is a collection of century plants (Agave),
a large genus known only from the New World; other and
larger plants of this same genus may be found in the central
portion of the house. Conspicuous among these are:
the thread-bearing agave, Queen Victoria’s agave, the

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sisal plant (Agave sisalana); and the common century
plant (Agave americana). The first two are decorative
and curious; from Agave sisalana is manufactured the sisal
hemp of commerce; the last, Agave americana, is well
known, and it is from the sap of related species that the
Mexican drink ‘‘pulque” is obtained by fermentation.
It is popularly believed that the century plants flower but
once in a hundred years, and then die; it is true that the
plant dies when done blooming, but it blooms at a much
earlier age than a century, sometimes when but eight or ten
years old, itissaid. Thecollection of West Indian Agaves is
especially rich in species. A curious desert plant among the
century plants on the side bench is called by the natives of
Mexico, its native country, ‘“‘huariqui”’ (Ibervillea sonorae) ;
during the rainy season green stems arise from these large
woody plant-bodies, which at other times remain in a
resting condition.

A group of the dracaena family may be found in the
central portion of this house. ‘This comprises members
of the genera Aloe, Yucca and Dasylirion. A group of
cacti may also be seen here, the most imposing figure of
which is the giant cereus, Carnegiea gigantea, known as
“‘sahuaro” by the Mexicans and Indians of its native
country, Arizona and Sonora. The plants here shown
were obtained by an expedition sent to those regions by
the Garden in 1902, and are the largest specimens in culti-
vation in the east. Several large specimens of the hedgehog
cactus, secured at the same time, form part of this group;
the Indians in the desert often secure a supply of drinking
water from these plants by cutting off the top and macer-
ating the interior substance.

Houses Nos. 7 and 8 are wholly occupied by the cactus
family. ‘The collections here have been greatly enriched
and enlarged in the past few years by extensive explora-
tions made in South America, in cooperation with the
Carnegie Institution, and from other sources. ‘These col-
lections, the richest in species in the world, have been

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assembled to facilitate the production of a monograph on
this family now in course of preparation by the Garden in
cooperation with the Carnegie Institution. In addition to
the plants in these houses, many hundreds of others are
located at the propagating houses. Nearly all these
plants are devoid of leaves, these organs, when present,
being mostly small and inconspicuous; in the genus Opuntia
they are usually present on the young growths as awl-
shaped bodies, while in some few species they are much
larger and remain for some time; in the genus Pereskia,
specimens of which will be found in house No. 8, the leaves
are large and well developed. ‘The stems of the cacti are
fleshy and assume a great number of forms; in Opuntia
the stem is composed of joints, either cylindric or broad and
flattened. In Cereus and related genera the stems are
angled; in Carnegiea they are thick massive columns with
many longitudinal ribs; in Echinocactus the plant-bodies
are but little elongated, or almost globular, while in other
genera the plant-body is covered with rows of spirally ar-
ranged projections. The flowers of many cacti are ex-
quisite in form and color; they are borne on various parts
of the plant-body, in the turk’s-head cactus on a curiously
modified portion of the top.

In house 7 on the north bench and the north part of the
center bench is the genus Cereus and its many related
genera, Pachycereus, Cephalocereus, Leptocereus, Acan-
thocereus, Nyctocereus, Hylocereus, Selenicereus, Harrisia,
and others. Among these is the old-man cactus, Ce-
phalocereus senilis. On the west end of the center bench
and on the side bench opposite is a collection of the genus
Epiphyllum, often known as Phyllocactus. ‘The broad
flattened parts of these plants are stems and not leaves,
the flowers being borne in the notches along their edges.
The flowers are very showy; many of them beautiful in
the extreme. On the south side of the center bench are
plants of the hedgehog cactus, Echinocactus, and also of
Echinocereus and Echinopsis. On the south bench is a

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collection of cactuses, largely of the genus formerly known
as Mamillaria. Here also will be found specimens of
Echinocereus, Echinocactus, and of the curious Turkshead
cactus which bears its flowers on the red cap to the plant,
hence its popular name.

House 8 is mainly devoted to the collections of the genus
Opuntia. On the center and north benches are the platy-
opuntias, those with broad flat joints, while on the south
bench will be found the cylindropuntias, or those with
rounded stems. Among the platyopuntias are a number
of plants of Burbank’s so-called spineless cactus; these
were obtained direct from Mr. Burbank in 1912, and it is
curious to note that many of them are now developing
spines. It is claimed that these plants are valuable for
fodder in arid regions. As already remarked above, the
leaves of the opuntias are usually small and awl-shaped and
occur on the young growths. In this house will also be
found the genus Pereskia, in which the leaves are normally
developed. One of the commonest of these is the Barbados
gooseberry, Pereskia Pereskia, of tropical America. Peresk-
1opsis is a related genus of which a number of species will
be found here and its leaves are also well developed.

An interesting economic plant in this house is Nopalea
coccinellifera, upon which the cochineal insect breeds; it is
from these insects that the dye cochineal was obtained.

Few of the cacti are of economic importance. A number
of different kinds are used for hedges in tropical America.
Certain species of Opuntia produce edible fruits known
as Indian figs. ‘These are offered for sale in the fruit
stores in New York at the proper season. In the island of
Grand Turk certain species of Opuntia which grow there
are used in making a soup, known as pear soup, the young
joints of the plant being used for the purpose.

House No. 9. This is the aquatic house, and plants
which find their homes in the water or require much moist-
ure are brought together here. From the bridge spanning
the pool the various features may be readily observed.

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Fringing the pool on the right, as one enters from house
No. 10, are members of the sedge and grass families, while
on the left hand side the fringe is made up entirely of
grasses, largely of the graceful bamboos. Of special in-
terest among the sedges is the Egyptian paper-plant
(Cyperus Papyrus), from which many of the ancients ob-
tained their writing paper. Among the grasses by far the
most important is the sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) ;
from the lower portions of its stalks the juice is extracted
by pressure, and from this juice sugar is manufactured.
Among the plants in the pool are many with attractive
flowers; conspicuous among these being water-lilies (Cas-
talia), of which there are several different kinds; the water
hyacinth; the parrot’s-feather, with its delicate feathery
masses of green; the water poppy; the water snowflake;
the water lettuce and golden-club, members of the aroid
family; the floating fern; and some odd little plants re-
lated to the ferns, members of the genus Salvinia.

House No. ro contains specimens of the aroids, repre-
sented by a large number of different species, located on
the center and end benches and also under the benches.
The plants of this family (Araceae) are mostly of tropical
distribution, but they are represented in our northern
flora by the skunk cabbage, the jack-in-the-pulpit, and the
sweet flag; the most familiar one in cultivation is the calla
lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), not botanically a lily. The
plants all have spikes of very small flowers closely massed
together, and usually subtended by a broad leaf-like
structure which is known as the spathe; this is usually
highly colored, pure white, yellow, red or scarlet, and is
commonly thought of as the flower, though not botanically
so; species of Anthurium, known as tail-flowers, are abund-
ant in the West Indies and tropical America, as is the genus
Philodendron, signifying tree-loving, on account of many
species being vines climbing high on the trees in tropical
forests; numerous species have underground stems and
branches which contain much starch and are cultivated

(ea)

in the tropics for food, under the name of yautias and taros.
Plants of the same family, too large for exhibition in this
house, may be found in house No. 4. This house is oc-
cupied also by plants of the pineapple family, these being
on the side benches. ‘These are mostly plants which live
on the trunks and branches of trees in tropical forests, and
are therefore called epiphytes, signifying plants growing
upon other plants; many of them are exceedingly beautiful
in foliage and in flower; the so-called Florida moss, or
Spanish moss, clothes the trees of the live-oaks in the
southern Atlantic States, and is not a moss at all, but a
plant bearing small flowers which show its relationship
to others of this family. The pineapple itself, doubtless
the most familiar member of this group, has been culti-
vated in tropical regions for an indefinite period for fruit,
and is not certainly known in the wild state; the pineapple
fruit is the ripened bunch of flowers which forms at the
top of the stem; the plant is propagated by cutting off the
tuft of leaves, which is found on the top of the fruit, and
by suckers which sprout from the side of the plant near the
ground; it is an exception to the tree-loving habit of most of
the family, in growing on the ground, and is cultivated in
the Bahamas and on the Florida Keys, often in very rocky
soil. One of the very spiny-leaved species, Bromelia
Pinguin is widely utilized as a hedge plant in the West
Indies. Other members of this family will be found at
range 2.

House No. rr. Here are brought together many kinds of
tropical plants belonging to the banana, ginger and canna
families. ‘There is also here, on a corner bench, a collection
of pineapple plants, some of them with beautiful variegated
foliage. The collection of bananas and their relatives
occupies the greater part of the space and one or more of
the specimens is usually in fruit; the collection contains
both the edible, commercial bananas and the plantains,
and also several species whose fruit is not edible, but whose
interest lies in their decorative leaves and flowers. ‘The

(15 )

stems and leaves of all these plants contain some fiber,
which is produced in enormous quantities in the Philippine
Islands from Musa textilis, and is the well-known Manila
hemp. The supply of fruit for the United States comes
mostly from Central America and the West Indies, and
some from northern South America. Bananas will grow
in southern Florida, but the rocky soil of that region is not
well adapted to their cultivation. The traveler’s tree,
from Madagascar, is shown in several fine specimens, and
gets its English name from the fact that the axis of each
long leaf-stalk contains a great deal of water which can be
tapped and drunk. The bird-of-paradise plants, which
take their name from their gaudy flowers, will be found in
this group; they are natives of southern Africa and belong
to the genus Strelitzia. Another genus of the banana
family, Bihat, is also represented by several species, called
wild plantains, natives mainly of tropical America.

Here also may be found several species of the genus Costus
and of other genera of the ginger family, including the
ginger plant (Zingiber Zingiber).

House No. 12. ‘The plants in this house, as well as those
in house No. 14, are mostly natives of warm-temperate re-
gions, and are arranged in botanical sequence, with a view
to furnishing a collection for the comparative study of plant
families and genera; to make this as complete as possible,
as many representatives of families and genera are brought
together as space and cultural conditions permit. Cultural
requirements necessitate placing the ferns and their allies
somewhat out of their sequence position, at the south end
of the west side bench. ‘The east side bench is devoted to
the pine family, the yew family, and to the endogenous
plants, the last named terminating with the orchids, next
the banana house. The sequence of exogenous plants
begins on the west side bench, as one enters from house
No. 13, crosses to the central bench at the ferns, and con-
tinues around that, ending in this house with the loasa
family, near the fern house. ‘The sequence is then con-

(16)

tinued in house No. 14, beginning with the mezereon family
on the north side bench, at the entrance from house No. 13,
continuing around the central bench and ending with the
thistle family on the end of the south side bench near the
entrance to house No. 13.

Among the more interesting species on the west side
bench are many Australian plants, represented by grevil-
leas, hakeas, and others; a group of insectivorous plants
may also be found here; among these are the pitcher plants
(Sarracenia)in several species; the pitchers contain a liquid
in which the insects are drowned, the fluid resulting from
their decay being absorbed by the pitchers; these structures
form a part of the leaves and are a modification of the
petiole. ‘The sundews (Drosera) secrete a sticky substance
from the gland-hairs on their leaves, which can digest in-
sects and other animal matter. On the central bench may
be found a group of the rue family; to this belong, among
others, the oranges and lemons, of which a number of
small specimens are here, others being placed in house
No. 13. A peculiar plant of this family is Agathosma
apiculata, of southern Africa; its leaves are full of glands
which secrete an oil exhaling a disagreeable odor quite
apparent at times. On the east side bench are members of
the lily family and the amaryllis family, with many other
endogenous plants, including a collection of orchids which
grow in warm temperate regions or in the mountainous
sections of the tropics. In the yew family, perhaps the
most interesting are two small plants of the “stinking
cedar” (Tumion taxifolium) so-called by the natives where
it grows; it is known to occur in a wild state in a small area
along the Apalachicola River in Florida.

House No. 13. This house contains such plants of warm-
temperate regions as are too large for proper exhibition in
houses 12 and 14. The endogenous plants may be found
on the side next house No. 14; the remainder of the house
is occupied by exogenous plants. Opposite the entrance
from house No. 14 is a group illustrating the pine family

(a7)

and the yew family. ‘The most conspicuous objects among
the former are the araucarias, which take the place in the
southern hemisphere of the pines in the north; Araucaria
brasiliana and A. Bidwillit are prominent among these;
the common Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria excelsa) is
shown in several large specimens. ‘To the right of this,
across the path, will be found specimens of the New Zea-
land flax (Phormium tenax), and on one of the trellises in
the rear is a vigorous plant of the Cherokee rose. To the
left, a little beyond the pine family, is the myrtle family;
prominent in this is a group of the gum-trees of Australia
and Tasmania (Eucalyptus); these trees occur in large
forests, and sometimes attain a height of 200 to 400 feet.
A large specimen, some ten or twelve feet tall, of the bottle-
brush tree (Callistemon citrinus) will be found here; the
red flowers are borne in long cylindric clusters, much re-
sembling a common bottle-brush, whence the popular
name. In the corner to the right is a specimen of the
camphor tree (Cinnamomum Camphora), from which the
camphor of commerce is derived. Opposite the camphor
tree is a group containing the common garden camelia,
and the important commercial plant, Thea sinensis, from
which is obtained our beverage tea; black and green teas
are obtained from the same plant, the difference in color
being due to the method of preparation; the tea plant is
extensively cultivated in many warm and tropical countries,
tea as a beverage having been used by the Chinese from
time immemorial; its first introduction into Europe is said
to have been by the Dutch in 1610. Further along to the
left, beyond the group of Australian acacias, of which
there are many specimens, are several plants of the fig tree
(Ficus Carica), from which the edible figs are secured;
the leaves drop off in winter, and so for a short time the
plants are placed elsewhere. Here also is a group of ole-
anders; a poisonous principle occurs in the flowers and
leaves of these plants, and especially in the bark. A plant
of great economic importance in the olive family is the olive

(18 )

tree (Olea europaea), of which a small specimen may be
found near the oleanders; this plant was originally from the
Mediterranean region and the Orient, but has now been
largely introduced into cultivation in other warm countries;
in the middle of the eighteenth century it was first intro-
duced into California, at San Diego, it is said, and is now
largely cultivated in southern California. On one of the
columns is a fine plant of Bougainvillaea, a native of Brazil;
the bracts which surround the small flowers are bright ma-
genta colored; when in full bloom the plant makes a gor-
geous show. On one of the trellises back of the group of
the amaryllis family is a plant of the yellow jessamine
(Gelsemium sempervirens) of the south; it sends out its
pretty flowers usually in February, and they persist for
several weeks. In this house may also be found a number
of palms. Among these may be mentioned the character-
istic fan-palm of the California desert (Neowashingtonia
robusta), and the palmetto (Sabal Palmetto), of our southern
States. A few temperate tree-ferns are also placed here.

House No. 14. The general arrangement of this house
was mentioned when describing house No. 12. Entering
from house No. 15, to the left may be found plants of the
rosemary; this enjoys a reputation of long standing, for
it was held in high esteem by the ancient Greeks and
Romans, being regarded by them as the emblem of fidelity.
A little further to the left is the parachute flower (Cero-
pegia Sandersoni), from Natal. On the right are many
interesting members of the thistle family. On the other
side of the house may be found Aucuba japonica, from
Japan, and Corokia Cotoneaster, from New Zealand, both
members of the dogwood family, but not much resembling
our common flowering dogwood. Other plants of interest
may also be found here.

House No. 15. The orchid family, to which this house
is devoted, is a widely distributed one, occurring in all
tropical regions, but finding its greatest development in the
Old World in India and the Malayan region, while in the

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( 19 )

New World its greatest numbers occur in Brazil and other
parts of northern South America. In temperate regions
relatively few species are found, while in very cold countries
they are entirely absent. Most of the tropical forms are
epiphytes, that is, they grow upon trees and usually have
bulb-like or thickened stems and fleshy leaves for the
conservation of their water supply, as, from their habitat,
this supply must be precarious. In temperate regions
nearly all of the species are terrestrial, and have thin leaves,
the soil about their roots serving to protect them from the
cold and also giving them a more constant water supply:
they do not, therefore, need pseudobulbs or thickened
stems. Coming from all parts of the world as they do,
their blooming time varies greatly, so that at almost any
time of the year, be it winter or summer, some of these
interesting plants may be found in bloom.

At range 2 is another large collection of orchids.

On the central bench is an interesting palm, the double
cocoanut (Lodoicea maldivica), a native of the Seychelles
Islands, also known as the coco de mer, and coco des
Maldives, and one of the rarest palms in cultivation.
The tree in its native wilds attains a height of ninety feet,
bearing aloft a magnificent crown of green leaves which
make it an important feature of the landscape. ‘This is
the only plant in this house not a member of the orchid
family; it is kept here for cultural reasons.

Conservatory Court. ‘There are three attractive features
here during the open season, viz., the display of tulips in
the spring, followed by the collection of desert plants, and
the water lily collection. The water lilies may be found
in two tanks, one in each end of the court. In the easterly
tank are placed the hardy sorts, such as are able to with-
stand the severe cold of our winters, which remain per-
manently where they are, winter and summer. In the
westerly pool are the tender kinds, or such as require pro-
tection during the winter, and many of these are stored ina
warm cellar during winter and placed on view again in the

(20)

spring. ‘The most conspicuous of the tender sorts are the
royal water-lilies from South America; these are not hardy
in this climate, and, as they are too large to protect from
the cold, they are grown anew from seed each year; the
seeds are sown in the propagating houses late in winter,
and the young plants placed on view late in the spring
or in early summer.

In summer the collection of desert plants is in the beds
in front of the entrance to house No. 1. The central bed
contains American desert plants only, made up largely of
members of the cactus, amaryllis and lily families. The
bed parallelling this to the west contains a collection of
cacti, members of the genus Opuntia, prickly pears, with
flat stems or joints, all natives of the American desert.
In a bed parallelling this on the opposite side of the central
bed is a collection of desert plants from southern Africa.
Placed transversely to this is a small bed with desert plants
of one family, containing representatives from both the
Old World and the New. A corresponding bed on the
other side of the court is devoted to desert plants from
the Old World. Near to this is a small bed containing
plants of the genus Opuntia, only those with round stems
or joints. In the corresponding bed on the other side of
the court is a collection of desert plants belonging to the
spurge family. Many plants from house No. 13 are also
moved into this court during the summer.

Range No. 2.

This range is located on the easterly side of the grounds,
in the midst of the deciduous arboretum. The completed
portion consists of a transverse section, running east and
west, divided into three compartments, and three houses
at right angles to this one of which is divided into two com-
partments. The tropical ferns and their allies, most of
the cycads, and parts of the orchid and pine-apple families
are exhibited here. Other members of the orchid and
pine-apple families and a few cycads will be found at

(27)

range I, the orchids in houses 12 and 15, the members of
the pine-apple family in house 10, and the cycads in house I.

In house No. 1, the easterly compartment of this trans-
verse portion, the collection of sago palms or cycads has
has been installed. ‘This family of plants is represented by
large specimens of Cycas revoluta, from Japan; by Cycas
circinalis, from the Molucca Islands; by a single plant of
the rare Stangeria ertopus, from southern Africa, where it is
known as the kaffir’s-head; by a number of specimens of
the genus Zamzia, including the small Florida coonties;
and by the Kaffir-bread (Encephalartos), two species,
from Africa; the stems and trunks of plants of this family
contain much starch, which is extracted, in the countries
in which they grow, by crushing and washing, and pass
into commerce under the name of sago starch. Other
specimens are in the south end of the middle one of the
smaller houses.

In houses 2 and 3 are the tropical tree-ferns and the
larger specimens of the low ferns and fern-allies.

The graceful tree-ferns mostly inhabit the mountains of
the tropics, commonly at an elevation of 1500 feet or more.
Many of the plants here have been secured by Garden expe-
ditions to different parts of the American tropics. Another
feature of interest is the collection of staghorn-ferns, hang-
ing over the walk in the center house; the application of the
common name staghorn is quite evident in several of the
species. Suspended from the roof in baskets are many
desirable ferns. A fern from China and Tartary, known as
the Scythian Lamb (Cibotium Barometz), may be found
here; it is of interest as forming the basis of a marvellous
tale, current in early times, to the effect that on a vast
plain to the eastward of the Volga occurred a wonderful
plant, looking like a lamb; this animal, so the story ran,
was supported upon a stalk and as soon as it had exhausted
the vegetation at hand died from starvation.

In house 4 is a collection of exogenous tropical plants.
These are arranged in botanical sequence, the families

(22)

appearing to the right or left of the walk, or both, as cul-
tural conditions require, the sequence beginning at the
north end on the west side, terminating at the same end
on the opposite side of the house. On the right, as one
enters from the north door, is a collection of the pepper
family, Piperaceae. These are largely of the genus Peper-
omia; many of these plants have been collected by Garden
expeditions to the West Indies. Plants of the genus
Piper are usually large, and the larger ones will be found
on the center bench nearby. The nettle family follows,
represented by such plants as the odd Procris; Pilea, in
several species, including P. microphylla, the artillery
plant; the Gyrupia poison-tree, a native of Australia,
one of the most vicious of the stinging nettles—at fruiting
time the dull purple of its fruit makes it quite attractive; and
the two-lobed Boehmeria, from Japan. ‘The flat-stemmed
Muhlenbeckia, native of the Solomon Islands, belongs
to the knotweed family. As one proceeds, many species
of figs will be found on both sides of the walk, including
the common rubber plant of our homes. Further on is
the laurel family, one of the interesting plants belonging
here being the alligator pear, the fruit of which is edible
and much used as a salad and otherwise in the tropics.
Near this is the custard-apple family, including the cheri-
moyer, an edible fruit, native of tropical America. Along
the west walk, about the center of the house, are the senna
and mimosa families, represented by numerous individuals.
To the senna family belongs the poinciana, commonly
grown in Florida and tropical countries on account of its
decorative red flowers. ‘To the mimosa family belong the
sensitive plants, of which there are two here which show
this characteristic noticeably, Mimosa pudica and Mimosa
Spegazzinit.

Near the south end of the house is a collection of the
spurge family. Here will be found the genus Codiaeum
in many colored forms, usually known as garden crotons.
Other genera represented are Croton, Phyllanthus, Xylo-

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(23)
phylla, Antidesmia, and Acalypha. At the end of the house,

on the west side, are two plants of the curious West Indian
ivy, belonging to the genus Marcgravia. On the east side
of the house, at the south end, is a large collection of
begonias, both on the benches and planted out underneath.
Further on is the meadow-beauty family, largely repre-
sented in tropical regions, to which belongs our native
meadow-beauty, Rhexia virginica. Other families fol-
lowing are the vervain, acanthus, potato, Madder and
thistle, the last two near the north door.

In house 5 is a collection of tropical ferns arranged in
botanical sequence, thus bringing closely related families
and genera into juxtaposition and enabling a comparative
study of these plants to be made. It is only possible to
represent in this sequence the position of the tree-ferns by
very small specimens. ‘These may be studied to better
advantage in the larger houses. At the south end of this
house is a part of the collection of cycads. Microcycas
calocoma, a rare Cuban member of this family, is among
these. ‘There are a number of specimens of the American
genus Zamia, including representatives from Florida and
the West Indies. Other specimens, including the larger
ones, will be found in the easterly house of the transverse
range.

The easterly of the smaller houses is divided into two
compartments. House 6 is known as an East Indian
house. Here are grown mainly such orchids as require a
close humid hot atmosphere. Among the larger and more
interesting of the genera represented are: Vanda, widely
distributed in the Kast Indies and the Malay Archipelago,
many of them with large and showy, often sweet-scented,
flowers; Phalaenopsis, also native in the East Indies and
Malay Archipelago; Angraecum, of tropical Africa and the
Mascarene Islands; Macroplectrum, from Madagascar and
the Mascarene Islands; Dendrobium, a number of species,
a large Old World genus of over 500 species; Paphiopedi-
lum, Venus-slipper, an Old World representative of the

(24)

group containing our lady-slippers, Cypripedium. Other
plants requiring this treatment are the East Indian Pitcher-
plants, Nepenthes, a collection of which will be found here.
They are mostly vines, growing naturally on trees, their
leaves curiously modified at the ends into hollow structures,
provided with lids, and technically known as pitchers,
which are often wrongly regarded as the flowers; these
pitchers contain water and secrete from their sides a liquid
which digests insects that fall or crawl into the pitchers;
this form of nutriment is apparently not necessary at all,
however, to the growth of the plants; the flowers are small
but borne in large clusters arising from the stems and may
often be seen in this collection.

In house 7 is a large collection of orchids requiring cooler
and less humid conditions. Large or interesting genera
represented here are: Stanhopea, in several species, an
American genus, with large odd-shaped flowers in pendu-
lous racemes; Epidendrum, a large American genus, ranging
from South Carolina and Alabama, through the West
Indies and South America; Gongora, also a genus of tropical
America; Oncidium, a large genus of tropical America,
with a maximum development in South America; Pleuro-
thallis, American orchids, usually small, sometimes but a
half inch tall, and often forming mats on tree trunks,
commonly at considerable elevations. In this house will
also be found a large collection of bromeliads, of the pine-
apple family, in such genera as Tillandsia, Vriesia, Hohen-
bergia, Pitcairnia, Cryptanthus, and Aechmea. Other rep-
resentatives of this family will be found at conservatory
range I, houses 10 and Il.

Power Houses. Steam for heating the conservatories,
range I, is supplied from the power house, located near the
New York Central Railroad just south of the 200th Street
entrance and connected with the conservatories by a sub-
way about six hundred feet long containing the steam mains;
five boilers are installed and supply steam not only to the
conservatories, but also to the museum building through
another subway about twelve hundred feet in length.

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(25)

Steam for heating the conservatories, range 2, is supplied
from a boiler house near this structure, a little to the north.

2. The Botanical Museum

The Museum Building has a frontage of 312 feet, and in
so far as now constructed, a depth of about 90 feet; the plan
of this building contemplates its future extension toward
the rear, so as to form a quadrangle enclosing a court. The
architectural style of the building is Italian Renaissance.
The walls are of light-colored brick and the trimmings of
terra-cotta. It has a steel frame and concrete floors.
Three floors are devoted to public exhibits, while the upper
floor contains study rooms, the library, laboratories and
herbarium, which may be used and consulted by permission.

The building is approached by two straight driveways
and accompanying sidewalks leading from the main park
driveway near the New York Central Railroad station;
this front approach to the building is ornamented by a
bronze fountain executed by the sculptor Carl E. Tefft,
and by terra-cotta fountains and marble seats designed by
R. W. Gibson, the architect of the building. The vista
lines are formed by four parallel rows of tulip trees.

The public collections in this building are:

1. THE MUSEUM OF ECONOMIC BOTANY

This occupies the entire main floor, and comprises both
crude and refined products of plants used in the arts, the
sciences, and the industries, as well as illustrative photo-
graphs and drawings. The specimens are arranged as
products, including foods, drugs, fibers, gums, resins,
sugars, rubbers, spices and flavoring-agents, dye-stuffs,
tanning-materials, plant-constituents, fixed- and volatile-
oils, cork, starches, and others as indicated by the accom-
panying floor plan.

The arrangement of the larger groups is as follows:
Foods and fibers occupy the west hall, the former in cases
on the north side, the latter on the south. The west wing

(26)

is mainly given over to exhibits other than foods, fibers,
drugs, and woods. The east hall contains the drugs,
while to the east wing are assigned woods and wood-pro-
ducts, and a collection illustrating North American den-
drology.

Fibers. Cases I to 26.—In the first case of the series
devoted to fibers may be found cotton, now the most im-
portant of the vegetable fibers. It is derived from the
fruit of the cotton plant (Gossypium), being the hairs that
cover the surface of the seeds. The fruits from several
different kinds of cotton-plants may be seen with the cotton
bursting from the capsule, while some of the many dif-
ferent products are also shown.

The fiber of other plants, derived from leaves, stem, bark,
roots, and other organs is of great economic importance
and is used, either in practically its natural condition, as
may be seen by the specimens of fans, hats, boxes, bags,
baskets, mats, matting, crude ropes, brooms, ornaments,
and toys; or it is manufactured into articles of commerce
after processes which remove it considerably from its
natural aspect or condition; for example, linen, which is
made from the flax plant; cloth, twine, and rope, made
from jute, hemp and abutilon-fiber; and paper made from
wood and other fibers.

Rubber and Allied Products. Cases 27 and 29.—The
first case in the west wing contains rubber and allied
products. Here are the implements and utensils used in
collecting the rubber “milk” from the trees which grow
in tropical forests. Rubber is derived mostly from trees
belonging to the mulberry family, spurge family and dog-
bane family. Rubber, India-rubber, or elastica consists
chiefly of the peculiar substance caoutchouc, which, in the
form of an emulsion, constitutes the milky juices of many
plants, existing in special milk-tubes of the bark and wood.
The bark is cut or punctured, when the milk exudes and is
caught in some receptacle. ‘The milk is coagulated by
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smoke, and the coagulated mass, after losing water by
slow evaporation, takes on the dark color, toughness, and
elasticity characteristic of rubber. Rubber is more valu-
able in proportion as its percentage of caoutchouc is greater,
and that of its resin less. ‘The most important source of
rubber is the tree Hevea brasiliensis, Para Rubber, native
of Brazil, now very extensively planted in the East Indies.

Several varieties of rubber may be seen in the different
stages of refinement, together with some articles as manu-
factured for the market. Here, too, are two allied products
gutta-percha and balata, which are derived from the
trunks and foliage of certain trees belonging to the sapo-
dilla family. These trees grow in many portions of the
tropics.

Perfumery. Case 30.—This case contains a collection
of the essential oils and other aromatic constituents of
plants which are used in the making of perfumery, to-
gether with the plant parts from which they are extracted.
Two general methods are followed in the making of per-
fumes from such products. By the first, the aromatic
and volatile constituent is extracted by distillation, a
definite portion of which is then used in making a given
amount’, of), perfume:| By) the other, some . substance,
usually an odorless fat, is brought into contact with the
vegetable matter containing the odorous principle, and
the latter is thus permitted to diffuse itself through the
fat, which is used as a perfume.

Spices and Flavoring Agents. Cases 31 to 35.—These
substances form quite a large series in which is shown the
parts of the plant that yield spices and flavoring extracts;
for example, licorice. Licorice is the root of two species of
shrubs which grow in the Mediterranean region of Europe
and Asia. Spanish, French, Italian, Sicilian, or Greek
licorice is the sweeter; Russian licorice is the lighter-colored.
The underground runners are commonly included with
the roots, but are inferior. The root contains gum, sugar,
and the sweet substance glycyrrhizin, which is extracted

(28 )

by boiling. The boiled liquid is strained and evaporated
to form licorice extract. Some dry substance, as starch,
is usually added to give it the hardness required to form
*“stick-licorice.” ‘The very best licorice is not made into
*sticks,”? but is run into pans or tubs to form large, rather
soft cakes. Ginger is a rootstock, the underground stem
of the ginger plant; cinnamon is a bark; bay, sage, mint,
and thyme are leaves; cloves are unopened flowers; mustard
Tonka-bean and nutmeg are seeds, and mace is the outer
coat of the nutmeg; and coriander, allspice, black-pepper,
celery-seed, and caraway-seed are fruits. Vanilla, a spec-
ially cured fruit, is produced in many tropical countries,
the best and highest-priced coming from the mountains of
Mexico; fineness, rather than strength of odor, determines
the value, and this depends upon the variety, the climate,
the cultivation, and the method and care employed in
curing; the wild product is the poorest. In cultivation
the flowers are pollinated by hand. The fruits, resembling
slender green bananas, are gathered before quite ripe and
are exposed to a steam-sweating by various devices;
they are then exposed to the sun each day, and wrapped
in woolen blankets each night, for some time. By this
process the odorous substance vanillin is developed. The
vanillin may all be in the body of the vanilla (“brown
beans’’), or it may coat its surface in the form of shining
white crystals (“frosted beans”). Before this curing
process, vanilla contains no vanillin and has no special
fragrance or flavor.

Dye Stuffs. Case 36.—The dye stuffs are represented
by logwood, madder, alkanet-root, indigo, and oak-galls.
The term ‘“‘dye-stuffs”’ is applied to that class of vegetable
products from which coloring matters useful for dyeing
purposes are extracted. Such coloring matters may exist
in any part of the plant, but are most often obtained from
the wood, as from fustic, log-wood, and Brazil-wood. In
such cases they are found in the older central tissue of the
trunk, the so-called ‘‘heart-wood,” but not in the outer

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active tissue that constitutes the ‘‘sap-wood.”” From such
trunks the sap-wood is therefore usually trimmed off before
the logs are sent to market. In most cases, dye-stuffs
show some coloration to indicate the presence of their
coloring matters, although the color thus seen may be
quite a different one from that which the material will
produce when in practical use. Sometimes no coloration
is to be seen in the dye-stuff, some chemical treatment
being necessary to develop it.

Although the use of anilin or coal-tar colors has very
largely replaced that of vegetable dyes, there is still a vast
use of the latter. But for the introduction of the former,
it is difficult to see how the demand for colors could have
been supplied under modern conditions. '

Tanning Materials. Cases 37 to 38.—The tanning
materials are also very important from an economic stand-
point. They depend for their value chiefly upon the
tannic acid that they contain, but that other constituents
contribute is clear from the fact that a substance containing
less tannin may be more valuable than one containing a
larger percentage. The tannin cures and toughens the
skin, but other effects are required to produce the best
quality of leather, especially that of “‘filling’” the minute
cavities. For this purpose white-oak bark seems to be
preéminent and this continues to be the most valued tanning
substance. It has become scarce and costly, and “oak
leather’’now brings the highest prices. The tannins are
represented by saw-palmetto, mangrove, pine, hemlock,
and sumac. The crude materials of the mangrove and
the saw-palmetto are accompanied by their fluid extracts,
which contain the tannic acid, and also by the spent
material or refuse which remains after the extract has been
made. ‘This latter material may be used for other purposes.

Fodder Plants. Cases 39 and 40.—Following the spices
are fodder plants, which are shown as sheaves. Fodders
are derived chiefly from plants of the grass and bean fami-
lies. Illustrations of the former are the varieties of hay

(30)

known as timothy, red-top, blue-grass, and orchard-grass.
Such hays are made by cutting the plants when in bloom
or early fruit, and drying entire. Another form of the same
class consists of the plants of the grains, wheat, rye, oats,
and corn, cut while young and dried. When dried after
the removal of their grain, they constitute straw. The
corn-plant, cut young, is often chopped up and stored
fresh in pits and bins. Such fodder is called ensilage.
The grains themselves, separated from the straw, are
largely used for fodder. Illustrations of the second class
are the plants of clover, vetch, lupine, meibomia, and peas,
cut in a similar stage of growth and dried intohay. Fodders
of this class are much more nutritious than the grass-hays,
but are not so wholesome and must be fed sparingly,
especially to horses.

Tobaccos and Masticatories. Cases 41 to 44.—To-
baccos are shown by a series of bundles of the cured leaves
of the tobacco plants (species of Nicotiana) from different
parts of America, and a series of articles as prepared for
the market. Closely associated with tobacco are the
masticatories or substances used for chewing. One of the
most widely known forms is chewing gum, which is made
by refining the crude chicle-gum, which is the hardened
milky juice of the sapodilla and related plants. In rural
districts the exudation of resin found on the bark of coni-
fers is used for chewing while still in the crude condition,
but this substance is now refined and sold in our larger
cities just as is the now more commonly used chicle-gum,
An adjacent series of cases is given over to:

Beverages, including Chocolate. Cases 45 to 49.—Bever-
ages are represented by both the non-alcoholic, as coffee,
tea, maté or Paraguay-tea, Jersey-tea, and fruit-juices,
and the alcoholic beverages, as wine, beer, ale, and porter.
Of the beverages just cited, maté or Paraguay-tea is per-
haps little known in the northern hemisphere. It comes
from a small tree in Paraguay and adjacent regions, and is
chiefly cultivated for the production of Paraguay-tea.

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The cured leaves are sold either in the entire condition or
powdered, and afford the chief beverage of Paraguay and
many parts of the Argentine Republic and southern Brazil.
They contain much less caffeine than ordinary tea, and
have a very different flavor, but are used for the same pur-
pose and produce the same effect. Paraguay-tea is ex-
tremely cheap as compared with ordinary tea, and brief
use makes people equally well satisfied with it. In the
block of cases devoted to beverages may be found choco-
late, which is derived from the seed of the chocolate tree
(Theobroma). ‘The collection shows the chocolate fruits,
the principal commercial varieties of the seeds, unroasted
and roasted, nibs of different degrees of fineness, germs,
cocoa-liquor, cocoa-butter, cocoa-cake, and the same ground
into “‘breakfast’’-cocoa, with several varieties of confect-
tioners’ chocolate, as put up for the market.

Miscellaneous Specimens. Case 50.— In this case may
be seen the substances used in the manufacture of insect-
powders and related substances, and soap. Soaps are
made from fats or fixed oils, acted upon while hot by a
caustic alkali, or ‘“‘lye,” ordinarily by boiling the two to-
gether. The fat consists of one or more acids, variously
combined with glycerin. The alkali takes away the
acids, uniting with them to form soap, the glycerin being
set free. Either animal or vegetable fats can be em-
ployed, the characters of the soaps differing more or less
with the particular fat used. The character of the alkali,
‘such as soda or potash, also modifies the quality of the
soap. The soap may contain free alkali, free fat, free
glycerin, or water, in variable proportions, all of which
will modify its quality. Official soap (that used in medi-
cine) should not float on water and should contain not
more than 36 per cent. of water.

Fixed Oils and Volatile Oils. Cases 51 to 56.—The
volatile oils form a large series, and in their manufacture
various parts of the plants are used; for example, roots are
used to make the oils of lovage-root, elecampane, and

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muskroot; rootstocks or underground stems furnish the
oils of calamus, ginger, orris-root, and wild ginger; herbage
is the source of the oils of pennyroyal, tansy, spearmint,
and peppermint; wood furnishes the material to make the
oils of red-cedar wood and sandalwood; bark is the source
of the oils of birch, cinnamon, and sassafras; leaves yield
the oils of hemlock, spruce, pine, cedar, eucalyptus, and
wintergreen; flowers yield the oils of cloves, lilac-flower,
and orange flowers; fruits yield the oils of pepper, lemon,
caraway, and fennel; seeds furnish the oils of mustard,
wormseed, nutmeg, and almonds; while resins give us the
oils of elemi, mastic, myrrh, and frankincense.

The fixed oils, at least from a commercial standpoint,
are less numerous than the volatile oils, and those in com-
mon use are mostly derived from the fruits and seeds of
plants; for example, olive-oil is contained in the fruit of
the olive, linseed-oil is contained in the seed of the flax
plant, castor-oil is stored up in the seed of the castor-oil
plant, and cotton-oil abounds in the cotton seed. The
castor-oil seed or ‘‘bean”’ consists, to the extent of about
half its) weight, of /a ‘fat or fixed ‘oil. |The) ripe) seedshane
coarsely broken, and the shells, weighing about one third,
are separated. The kernel is then pressed, and the oi]
squeezed out. By using heat a larger amount of oil is
obtained, but the heat partly decomposes it, setting free
ricinoleic acid, the result being a discoloration, a bad odor
and taste, and a griping action. For this reason, it should
be ‘“‘cold-pressed”? for medicinal purposes. In the in-
testines, partial decomposition of the oil occurs, whence
results the purgative action. Perfectly fresh, cold-drawn
castor-oil may have no disagreeable odor or taste, and has
been used on bread, as a substitute for butter. ‘The pulp
remaining after the removal of the oil contains the very
powerfully poisonous albuminoid, ricin. It is owing to
this substance that castor-oil seeds are poisonous. About
one fifth of the weight of cotton seed consists of a fat or
fixed oil, the finer grades of which are largely used for

(33 )

human food. This oil is both nutritious and wholesome,
and furnishes a clean vegetable substitute for butter and
lard, especially for cooking purposes. ‘The poorer grades
are used for soap-making and other mechanical purposes.
In the process of extracting the oil the hulls are removed
from the seeds and the kernels are partly cooked, after
which the oil is removed by pressure. The cake that re-
mains is ground into cotton-seed meal. ‘This still contains
considerable fat and a large amount of other nutriment
and is an important food for cattle. Fixed oils differ from
volatile oils in not completely evaporating when exposed
to the air. In many cases the by-products resulting during
the manufacture of the various oils are of considerable
commercial importance. Some of these by-products are
shown in the cases with the oils. In this connection are
shown some vegetable waxes. These occur as exudations
upon the surfaces of plants, especially those of leaves and
fruits. Wax imparts a bluish-white color or ‘‘bloom”’
to such a surface, as upon pumpkins and grapes. Such a
surface is called “glaucous” by the botanist. Another
excellent illustration is the white surface upon the fruits
of the bay-berry or wax-myrtle. Wax is related to fat.
It is insoluble in water and is obtained by melting in hot
water and skimming it from the surface. It is largely
used in candle-making and also in pharmaceutical prep-
arations.

Resins. Cases 57 and 62.—The cases devoted to resins
contain on the one hand a large trunk of the long-leaf pine,
in which has been cut a turpentine box, together with a
series of specimens of turpentine and rosin, illustrative of
the trade-classification of these products, and, on the other
hand, a series of resins derived from other species of pine
and related trees, and also those from trees representing
the mulberry family, the mimosa family, the sumac family,
and the myrrh family. An important substance derived
from the turpentine of the long-leaf pine and other species
of pine’trees is pine tar or pix liquida. Pine tar may

(34)

be regarded as turpentine, modified and rendered impure
by partial burning. It is obtained from the same trees
that yield turpentine, but the dead wood and stumps are
preferred. The wood is stacked and so enclosed by earth
as to partly exclude air, and is then fired at the top. As
the wood burns above, the heat drives out the liquid tar
just below, which runs off into vats and is stored in barrels.
The charcoal powder which enters renders it black. A
more perfect method is to distil it in suitable retorts. By
subsequent distillation of the tar, oil of tar is driven off,
naval pitch being left behind. Oil of tar contains, or yields
a large number of valuable substances, such as Guaiacol,
creosol, naphthalene, toluene, and xylene. In addition
to the resins obtained from living kinds of trees, there are
fossil resins of different degrees of hardness and color;
these enter largely into the manufacture of varnishes.
Varnish is a solution of one or more resins in some volatile
liquid which, on evaporating, deposits a uniform and con-
tinuous layer of the resin upon the surface to which the
varnish was applied. Such a coating of varnish, if of good
quality, is both hard and tough, hence not easily scratched,
insoluble in water and waterproof, capable of taking a
high polish, but melting and burning readily. Varnish
resins differ in quality and value according to the degree
in which the varnish made from them possesses the proper-
ties named above. The best is probably anime copal.
Not only is it so hard and tough as to stand floor-wear,
but it is soluble in so few substances that the spilling of
most liquids upon it will not injure it. Some of the trees
yielding varnish resins are now almost or quite extinct,
and the lumps of resin have lain buried in the soil in a
fossil state since the age when these trees were living.

Plant Constituents. Cases 63 to 68.—This exhibit con-
sists of a series of alkaloids, acids, glucosides, amaroids,
albuminoids, resinoids, and enzymes. These substances
plants store up in their tissues, or in the tissues of one or
more organs, and from them they are extracted for use in
all branches of the arts, sciences, and industries.

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Starches. Case 69.—Starch is largely formed by most
plants, as a reserve food supply, from the water taken in
through the roots and the carbonic acid gas inhaled from
the atmosphere; the chemical combination is effected by
the sun’s energy, directed by the green coloring matter
(chlorophyll). Starch is mostly found in the form of
granules, sometimes in small rods, and is easily converted
by the plant, or artificially, into glucose, in which form
the plant consumes it. In darkness the plant consumes
starch previously formed in daylight. Starch is insoluble
in water and can therefore be easily washed out from ground
plant tissue. The forms of the starch grains are so con-
stant and characteristic in each plant that they afford an
excellent method of identifying the latter, even in powder.
Starch, as in the case of many other substances, exists in
and is consequently derived from the several organs of
various plants, for example, the roots of the cassava plant
furnish the cassava flour and tapioca, while those of coontie
yield coontie floor or Florida-arrowroot which is quite
similar to sago, and those of the sweet-potato plant furnish
sweet-potato flour. The rootstocks of the common potato
plant abound in potato-flour, while those of the arrowroot
plant yield arrowroot flour. The stems of some of the
sago palms and those of some of the true palms are the
sources of sago flour. The fruits, both dry and fleshy, of a
great variety of plants, contain starch; for example, those
of the several grains, wheat, rye, and corn; while those of
the banana yield the less common banana flour. The
seeds of some plants are used as a source of starch, as for
instance, those of the chocolate plant.

Cork and Paper. Cases 70 and 72. Cork forms the
outer portion of the bark of most woody stems. ‘That of
one species of oak, Quercus Suber, of the Mediterranean
region, possesses peculiar properties of toughness, elas-
ticity, and imperviousness to liquids and vapors which
makes it useful for bottle stoppers. Many attempts have
been made to find substitutes, but none have been found

(36)

to possess an equal value. It has many other important
uses. After removal from the tree, and the shaving off of
its gray outer layer, it is alternately beaten with mallets
and heated to close up the natural fissures. Its removal
does not injure the tree, since it will split off if not removed.

The cutting of cork requires.extremely sharp instru-
ments, operated by machinery running at a high rate of
speed. ‘The substance, as we are accustomed to see it,
is prepared by means of boiling the cork bark and scraping
off the rough outer portion. The crude cork and many
manufactured articles are shown in case number 49, and a
large jacket of crude cork is exhibited near by, just as it
was stripped from the tree.

Wood fiber, especially that obtained from the trunks of
the spruce and poplar, enters largely into the manfacture
of paper. In cases 48 and 50, the fiber is shown in its
crude condition and in the various stages of refinement,
as well as the various qualities of paper into the structure
of which it enters. Here also are the several stages and
substances connected with the production of straw paper.

Sugars. Cases 73 and 74.—Sugars are formed by plants
at a stage in the manufacture of carbohydrate foods, and
again when the carbohydrate is used by the plant as food,
as explained on our label, in the starch case. Although
many varieties of sugar are recognized, they all fall into
two great classes, cane-sugar and glucose. Cane-sugar
occurs mostly in stems and roots, glucose in fruits. Glucose
is cheaper than cane-sugar and if pure, is more healthful
for human use, but the commercial article is very apt to be
impure. Glucose is mostly manufactured from corn.
Cane-sugar is mostly manufactured from sugar-cane,
sugar beets and sorghum cane. Sugar is a very important
plant-product and it is of vast economic value. Sugar-
cane (Saccharum) is the basis of the world’s sugar supply.
The juice from the stems of the plant is boiled down and
by other processes is made into the principal crude pro-
ducts shown in the cases and later into the commercial
grades of sugar.

(37)

The juices of other plants are also used in making sugar,
for example, in temperate regions, the sugar-beet yields
an enormous amount, the sap of the maple tree is made
into maple-sugar, while in tropical regions the sap of various
palms, such as the coconut-palm and the sugar-palm,
is made into palm-sugar.

Foods. Cases 75 to 100.—The very important section
of vegetable foods occupies the cases on the north side of
the west hall, opposite those containing the fibers. Here
may be seen the various plants and parts of plants common-
ly used for food. In a few instances nearly the whole
plant is available, as in the mushroom, the morel, and the
truffle. Usually, however, certain parts only are nutri-
tious or desirable; a few examples of these are as follows:
sweet-potatoes, horseradish, carrots, and beets are roots;
onions, potatoes, and Jerusalem-artichokes are under-
ground stems or rootstocks; asparagus and poke-shoots
are young stems; lettuce, beet-tops, spinach, and parsley
are leaves; cauliflower and calamus-buds are inflorescences;
corn, rice, bananas, mulberries, gooseberries, apples, to-
matoes, and oranges are fruits; while peanuts, walnuts,
hickorynuts, beans, almonds, and chestnuts are seeds.

Drugs. Cases 101 to 118 and 201 to 218.—The east
hall is given over to drugs. This, like the department of
foods, is large and important. The active principles or
medicinal agents are stored up in the tissues of the plant
or in the tissues of special organs. The great majority of
refined drugs are derived from one or more of the parts of
the plant, but in the case of the white-agaric, ergot, Irish-
moss, Iceland-moss, wintergreen, sundew, bitter-sweet,
penny-royal, boneset, and tansy the whole plant is used.

A few of the crude drugs arranged under the several
plant-organs they represent are as follows: sarsaparilla,
poke-root, rhubarb, aconite, queen’s-root, senega-root,
marshmallow, man-in-the-ground, and ipecac are roots;
calamus, ginger, colic-root, Canadian snake-root, soap-
wort, mandrake, American-ipecac, buckbean, and stone-

(38 )

wort are underground stems or rootstocks; sandalwood
and quassia-chips are woods; sassafras-medulla is pith;
birch, slippery-elm, sassafras, cinnamon, wild-cherry, horse-
chestnut, cascara, linden, and cinchona are barks; laurel,
hardhack, cherry-laurel, peach, senna, coca, and eucalyptus
are leaves; red-clover flowers, orange-flowers, linden-
flowers, heart’s-ease, borage-flowers, safflower, marigold-
flowers, Roman-chamomile, German-chamomile, and mil-
foil-flowers are flowers and flower-heads; saw-palmetto,
cardamon, cubebs, hops, star-anise, poppy, rose-hips,
tamarind, Tonka-bean, and colocynth are fruits; colchi-
cum-seed, grain-of-paradise, betel-nut, mustard, delphin-
ium-seed, almonds, calabar-bean, Barbadoes-nut, castor-oil
seed, and henbane-seed are seeds. Refined drugs are well
represented, among others, by gum-arabic, a gum collected
from shrubs and trees of the genus Acacia; the most
common source is Acacia Senegal, a large shrub or small
tree growing throughout north-central and northwestern
Africa. Its gum is somewhat inferior to the old-fashioned
gum arabic obtained from species of northeastern Africa.
The gum, which is chiefly a compound of arabic acid and
calcium, exudes through orifices in the bark, resulting from
the punctures of insects and in other ways. In some in-
stances the collectors puncture the bark for the purpose
of causing the exudation. When hard and dry it is col-
lected and sent to the packing houses. Here it is assorted
into grades, according to color and purity, which are sold
by number. No. I gum arabic is nearly colorless. From
gum arabic most of the better grades of mucilage are made.
It is largely adulterated, especially with dextrin; such
mucilage quickly turns dark. Another well-known re-
fined drug is camphor. This important substance is col-
lected in China and Japan, but mostly in the Island of
Formosa, the Japanese government now having control
of almost the entire industry. It is distilled from the
chipped wood of the roots and lower part of the trunk of
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the collecting season, protected by a specially organized
police force numbering several thousand men. The col-
lectors must sell the crude camphor to the Japanese govern-
ment, which refines it for the market. The government
sells the refined camphor through a single agent, who is
required to regulate the price in all parts of the world, to
prevent speculative enterprises in it. Crude camphor is a
loose, spongy, crystalline mass, saturated with camphor
oil. This oil is also an important commercial article.

Woods. Cases 119 and 200.—The east wing is occupied
by woods. The exhibits fall under two main divisoins,
the one consisting of a series of wood-specimens from all
parts of the world, and crude wood-products such as pipes,
canes, shoes, sandals, utensils, and carbons or charcoals;
the other being a synoptic collection illustrating North
American dendrology. ‘The wood specimens consist either
of blocks of wood, or of sections of trunks with the upper
part cut so as to show the long grain of the wood and also
the cross grain. In the case of wood-products the crude
material and the finished product is shown when possible.
The collection of North American dendrology is based on
specimens of the wood of all North American trees. To
these wood-specimens are added specimens of the twigs,
of flowers, of fruits, and of other objects of interest from
the various trees.

2. THE) MUSEUM OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

This occupies the entire second floor of the building and
is designed to illustrate by specimens, drawings, and
photographs, types of all the natural families of plants,
beginning with those of the simplest structure and ending
with the most complex. It consists of four series of
objects:

(a) The general synoptic collection.

(b) A series of microscopes showing selected specimens.
(c) Illustrations of the local flora.

(d) Plant photograph exhibit.

( 40 )

(a) Synoptic Collection. ‘This is designed to illustrate
the plant world. A series of characteristic objects is
installed as a basis for illustrating each plant-family.
These specimens are accompanied as far as possible by
plates, drawings or photographs, while on the shelves are
arranged additional objects, such as flowers, fruits, woods,
specimens of fossil plants, and models of various organs of
plants, all intended further to illustrate the structural
characteristics of the different groups. ‘This collection is
arranged according to the most natural and thus far most
generally satisfactory interpretation of the interrelation of
the plant-families; it may be considered as falling into
two main series, namely, the flowerless or spore-bearing
plants and the flowering or seed-bearing plants.

The flowerless plants fall into three phyla or subkingdoms:
(1) the Thallophyta, in which the plant-body is not dif-
ferentiated into stems and leaves, as represented by the
slime-moulds, the bacteria and other micro-organisms,
the seaweeds, the fungi, and the lichens (2) the Bryophyta,
represented by the mosses and their immediate relatives;
and (3) the Pteridophyta, including the ferns and the
fern-allies.

The Thallophyta (cases I to 36), may be defined as
plants without true roots, stems, or leaves; but notwith-
standing their simple structure they exhibit an infinite
variety of form and color.

The Myxomycetes or slime-moulds (case I), standing
at the bottom of the plant-scale, occupy the first exhibition
case placed at the right hand side of the stairway from
the main floor. They are thallophytes, having neither
chlorophyl nor (in their vegetative condition) a cell-wall.
These very simply constituted plants usually grow upon
and derive their nourishment from decaying organic sub-
stances. ‘They vary greatly in size, some being exceedingly
minute, others assuming the form of relatively large ir-
regularly shaped masses spreading in all directions as they
grow. Most of the plants are small, and the structure is

(41)

very delicate, in fact some are so fragile that a mere breath
of air will ruin them.

Following the slime-moulds stand the cases devoted to
the algae or seaweeds (cases 2 to 16), which may be briefly
defined as thallophytes with chlorophyl, the green coloring
matter of plants. The plants of this series are much more
variable in form than those of the preceding, and are also
much more numerous. Some forms are microscopic,
others attain considerable size. The first case of the series
is occupied by representatives of the blue-green algae
(case 2) and the diatoms. The plants of these two groups
are minute, so much so that in most cases the individuals
can be well seen only with the aid of a microscope. As one
finds them in nature they commonly form slimy or oozy
masses which are not particularly attractive to the naked
eye, but under a compound microscope they are of very
great interest. Following the series just mentioned are
the green seaweeds (case 3), the group which includes the
plants that are sometimes called the pond-scums, green
slimes, green felts, and stoneworts. Some of these are
microscopic; however, some of the green seaweeds attain a
considerable size and begin to look a little more like what
are popularly termed “‘plants.” After the green seaweeds
come the brown ones (cases 4 to 8), and here the largest
kinds are included. In their tissues is found a brownish
pigment which obscures their green coloring matter. To
this group belong the widely distributed “gulf-weed”’ or
““sargasso-weed”’ (Sargassum) and the gigantic ‘‘great
kelp”’ of the Pacific Ocean, which sometimes attain a length
of more than a hundred feet. ‘The seaweeds culminate in
the red algae, a group in which the plants show some shade
of red, pink, or purple; these (cases 9 to 16) exhibit a
marvelous range of form and color. The last group of
cases containing this series is given to the group of red
algae which are known as the corallines, on account of
their outward resemblance to the corals. ‘These plants
are thoroughly permeated with lime and are often as hard

( 42 )

and stone-like as any coral, and build up reefs in the tropi-
cal oceans much as the corals do.

The next great type of plant life is the fungi (cases 17
to 36). These, like the plants of the preceding group,
vary greatly in size and complexity of structure; but,
unlike them, they are devoid of chlorophyl, the character-
istic green matter which enables other plants to build up
complex food for their nourishment, and consequently
they are wholly different in their mode of life. Some are
parasitic, deriving their nourishment from living plants
and causing enormous damage to crops; others are sap-
rophytic, deriving it from the remains of dead organisms;
while others are symbiotic, living in such relationship with
chlorophyl-bearing (green) plants that they mutually
nourish one another, as in the case of mycorhizas. There
are five generally recognized series here: First we have the
stalked-spored fungi (cases 17 to 28). ‘This series falls into
two groups, the one typified by the “‘rusts”’ and “‘smuts”’
which are commonly parasitic on the leaves and fruits of
other plants; the other the great saprophytic group, well
known through the mushrooms, bracket-fungi, stink-
horns, and puff-balls. Second in the series is the group
known as the imperfect fungi (case 29). In this group the
spores are borne directly on the threads or “‘hyphae”
which constitute the vegetative portion of the organism.
They are often parasitic on the leaves and on the bark
of both wild and cultivated plants. Third in this series
are the spore-sac fungi (cases 30 and 31). In these plants
the spores are borne in delicate membranous sacs, called
asci, which in the more complex forms are collected into
bodies of various shapes. The plants vary greatly in
size and structure and may be either parasitic or sapro-
phytic. To this group belong the yeasts and mildews.
To this group also belongs the chestnut-blight fungus.
This fungus disease which has been imported into this
country has caused the death of all of the American
chestnut trees in the immediate vicinity of New York

( 43 )

City and threatens the entire destruction of this valuable
tree. Some plants grow above the surface of the ground,
as in the case of the morel; while others are subterranean,
as in the case of truffles. In case 32 has been installed
specimens and illustrations of crown-gall, an abnormal
growth which is caused by minute plants known as bacteria.
This peculiar growth is commonly known as vegetable
cancer on account of its close resemblance to the cancer
of the human body. The disease is very destructive to
trees and shrubs of various kinds. Next in order are the
alga-like fungi; these vary in form from simple masses of
protoplasm to simple or branching threads. Here belong
many of the moulds and similar forms which grow both on
other plants and on animals. The fifth and in many re-
spects the most interesting of all the groups is that con-
sisting of the lichens (cases 33 to 36). The lichens have
commonly been considered to form an independent sym-
biotic group, each lichen being supposed to consist of a
fungus and an alga living together, the one nourishing the
other, but, according to some of the more recent students
of the group, the lichens are simply fungi that live parasiti-
cally upon algae. The lichens are quite familiar to most
people as plants of more or less leathery texture growing on
rocks, on poor soil or on the trunks of trees.

A step forward brings us to the Bryophyta. These are
seedless green plants, most of which possess roots, stems, and
leaves, but have no vascular tissue (cases 37 to 48). This
group is best known through the mosses, which form its
largest division. Of somewhat simpler structure are the
hepatics or scale-mosses (cases 37 to 40). The stems and
leaves of the hepatic plant are sometimes combined into
a flat thallus-like body which creeps closely on the ground or
other objects and resembles in aspect some of the lichens.
The leaves, when present, are usually more delicate in
texture than in the true mosses and they do not have a
midvein. These differences alone enable one to distin-
guish a hepatic from its relatives by the unaided eye or at

(44)

most by the use of alens. In addition to these characters,
the capsule or the receptacle which bears the spores, or
reproductive bodies, usually splits into four valves when
full-grown and the spores themselves are accompanied by
spiral) threads called) elaters. Ihe’ favorite) habitation
hepatics is wet places, and mountains continually steeped
in clouds yield a surprising variety of forms. Closely re-
lated to the hepatics, and commonly included with them,
is the group Anthocerotes; these plants may, however, be
distinguished by the presence of a central axis or column
(columella) in the capsule, and there are several other 1m-
portant structural differences in their tissues.

The mosses (cases 41 to 48) follow the hepatics in order
of development and complexity; they differ from them,
however, in many respects. The stem and leaves have
more differentiated tissues, and the leaves usually have a
midvein. ‘The moss capsule generally opens by a lid under
which there are commonly appendages to aid in scattering
the spores, which in this case are not accompanied by
spiral threads as they are in the hepatics. The mosses
fall into three primary groups: First the “‘peat-mosses”’
(Sphagnum), which differ from the rest of the mosses in
the development of the tissue-structure of the capsule and
in the spores; they grow in swamps and other wet places,
and their accumulation forms peat. ‘The “‘black mosses”
(Andreaea) differ from both of the other groups in the
valvular capsule; they grow on dry rocks. ‘The true mosses
vary exceedingly in size and aspect. An examination of
the specimens in the exhibition cases will convey to the
mind a better idea of this group than may be gained from
a description. They grow under all kinds of conditions
from dry rocks to deep water. Many of the kinds grow on
almost any kind of rock, earth, or bark of trees, while
certain ones are more particular as to their habitat. Some
will thrive only on limestone, which they often gradually
disintegrate and partially preserve in the masses of closely
set plants as a calcareous tufa; other species prefer ground

i es a

(45 )

that has recently been burnt over, as species of Funaria
and Leptobryum, while others grow only on the bones of
dead animals or in places where animal refuse has accumu-
lated.

Next higher in the plant kingdom is the subkingdom
Pteridophyta, or ferns and fern-allies, the seedless plants
with roots, stems, leaves, and woody tissue (cases 49 to
55). The ferns as a group perhaps attract the attention
of a greater number of people than any other series of
plants. Associated with what are usually known as ferns
are the fern-allies, for example the “horse-tails” (Hqui-
setum), “‘lycopods” (Lycopodium), and ‘‘quillworts”’
(Isoetes), but these are usually less conspicuous than the
“‘ferns.” Fern-plants differ from all the plants of simpler
organization in having vascular (woody) tissue, that is,
a system of vessels for conducting sap through the different
parts of the plant-body. They exhibit an almost infinite
variety of form; their stems may be underground, hori-
zontal on the ground, or erect; the leaves are either simple
or compound, and sometimes perform both the work of
foliage leaves and that of bearing the spore-cases (ferns),
while in other cases some of the leaves have become changed
into mere spore-bearing organs (cinnamon-fern).

The “flowering” plants (cases 56 to 128) comprise a
single subkingdom, the Spermatophyta, or seed-bearing
plants. This extensive group seems to have followed two
independent lines of development and consequently the
plants fall into two well marked groups, the first being
the gymnosperms, cone-bearing plants, or plants in which
the seeds are borne exposed in variously shaped cones
(cases 56 to 58). This is a comparatively small group,
but exhibits great diversity, including plants ranging from
straggling shrubs or vines to the largest trees. The leaves,
too, vary from structures resembling needles or scales to
expanded fern-like structures of considerable variety.
In a former geological age these plants were the dominant
seed-bearing plants, but now the second group of the sper-

(46)

matophytes largely predominates; namely, the angio-
sperms, covered-seeded plants in which the seed is borne
in a seed-case. These plants also existed in the later
geological ages, and now form the most important and
conspicuous part of the vegetation of the earth. The
covered-seeded plants (cases 59 to 128) fall into two divi-
sions, the one in which the embryo has a single leaf, the
monocotyledons (cases 59 to 71); the other in which the
embryo has two leaves, the dicotyledons (cases 72 to 128).

(b) Microscope Exhibit. ‘The exhibition microscopes
occupy small stands in the west wing of the second floor.
In front of the windows on the right as one enters the wing
are shown a few of the simplest and smallest forms of plant
life. Under the lenses of the first microscope are repre-
sentatives of the diatoms—one-celled organisms, some of
which have the power of animal-like locomotion; the
living substance of each cell is enclosed and protected by a
hard transparent glassy wall consisting of two halves,
one of which fits into the other like a band-box into its
cover. The second microscope shows attractive and
varied forms of fossil diatoms from California. Following
this are shown ‘“‘sea mosses,” or “‘seaweeds,”’ as they are
commonly known, and closely related minute plants which
inhabit fresh water and belong to groups often referred to
in popular speech as ‘‘pond-scums”’ or ooze.’? In the
natural unmagnified condition, many plants of this sort
seem quite the reverse of attractive, but when placed under
a sufficiently powerful microscope many of them reveal a
rare beauty. The ‘“‘sea mosses,” or “seaweeds,” gradually
lose much of their natural beauty of coloration on pro-
longed exposure to the light, but the prevailing elegance
and symmetry of form and structure persist.

Following the plants of the seaweed type are several
representatives of the smaller fungi. The first of these
specimens illustrates the resting spores of the parasitic
fungus that causes the well-known rust of rose leaves.
The second shows a vertical section through the cluster-cup

(47)

stage of a fungus that draws its nourishment from the
living tissues of the leaves of violets. Of the fungi which
live upon decaying refuse matter, Ascobolus is one of the
more interesting among those selected for exhibition. In
this, the spores, or propagating cells, are borne in groups
of eight within transparent ellipsoidal sacs, and at maturity
these sacs, each enclosing eight spores, are ejected with
considerable force. Under the next microscope are shown
sections through the gills of a common mushroom, illustrat-
ing the manner in which its very minute and numerous
spores are borne.

Then follow specimens of the liverworts or scale-mosses,
plants in which the differentiation of the vegetative body
into stem and leaves becomes first clearly evident. One of
these, a Frullania, has a part of each leaf peculiarly modi-
fied so as to form a reservoir for water. By aid of this
device, the frullanias and their allies are able to thrive in
drier situations than are in favor with most of the order to
which they belong. Preparations are exhibited showing
also the vegetative structure and methods of reproduction
of the true mosses. Especially interesting is the “‘peris-
tome’’ of one of the mosses, which is a fringe of peculiar
appendages surrounding the mouth of the little urn in
which the minute dust-like spores are borne. These ap-
pendages move about as a result of changing conditions of
moisture and these mechanical movements assist in scat-
tering the spores. A somewhat analogous device is found
in connection with the spores of the equisetums or horse-
tails, though the appendages in this case are attached to
the spores. Near the slide illustrating this feature of the
horse-tails is one showing the spores and spore-cases of the
common polypody; the spore-case here is provided with
a sort of spring, by the action of which the spores are
violently ejected, catapult-fashion. Another preparation
shows the structure of the stem of the moonwort (Botry-
chium) as it appears in a cross section. Another illustrates
the structure of the wood of a young pine stem in cross

(48 )

section and brings out clearly the anatomical basis of the
annual growth rings. And yet another shows a cross
section of the submerged stem of an aquatic plant with
its large air spaces and poorly developed strengthening
tissues.

(c) Local Flora. In this collection it is designed to
illustrate every plant-species growing naturally or without
cultivation within one hundred miles of New York City.
For the most part specimens of the plants themselves are
used, but in cases where the structure of the plants renders
this method undesirable, or impossible, a photograph or
a drawing is substituted for the plant-specimen. This
collection is displayed in swinging frames which are placed
so as to correspond in a general way to the sequence of the
cases of the synoptic collection already described; thus,
the first stand is near the first museum case as one enters
the west hall from the top of the staircase. All of the
plant groups are here represented by those members that
occur locally, and the characteristics of the several groups
as mentioned under the Synoptic Collection also apply
here.

(d) The Plant Photograph Exhibit. A series of over 200
enlarged photographs, illustrating plant societies, habit-
characters, flower-characters, and fruit-characters of the
higher plants, as well as habit and structural characters of
some of the larger algae and fungi, are displayed in frames
fastened to the walls of the systematic museum. As far
as practicable, they have been placed near the cases con-
taining representatives of the species illustrated. The
photographs are 11 x 14 inches in size and are mounted in
glazed frames, some frames containing 4 and others 6
photographs.

3. THE MUSEUM, OF) FOSSIL / BOTANY

This collection, installed in the basement, is designed to
show the successive stages of evolution through which the
ancestors of our living flora have passed since the time of

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(49 )

the first appearance of plant life on the earth, as far as the
remains of extinct plants have been preserved. The
general arrangement adopted is therefore based upon the
sequence of the geological time divisions: Eozoic, Paleozoic,
Mesozoic and Neozoic, and their subdivisions into periods;
Laurentian, Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian,
Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous,
Tertiary, Quaternary and Modern. This arrangement is
therefore geological, but incidentally it is also biological,
and follows the same system as that on which the synoptic
collection of the museum of systematic botany is arranged,
inasmuch as the plants of the earlier periods are low in the
scale of life, consisting of thallophytes and pteridophytes
and plants of uncertain botanical determination, while
those which appear in the successively later periods are of
successively higher and more complex types, represented
by cycads, conifers and both monocotyledonous and dicoty-
ledonous plants closely related to our living flora.

Each specimen on display, with the exception of the
very large ones, is placed upon a separate wooden block,
and each one is labeled, giving the generic and specific
name; the family, order or class of plants to which it is
referred; the geologic period and subdivision in which it
belongs, and the locality or region where it was collected.
All essential information of a botanical and geological
nature in relation to each specimen is, therefore, included
in the label. Whenever a figure of any specimen can be
obtained this is placed on the same block with the specimen,
and pictures of ideal landscapes, showing the extinct vege-
tation of certain geologic periods, as well as restoration of
certain extinct plants, are displayed in their proper cases.
The series of exhibits begins in the first cases to the left
as one enters the east hall of the basement. ‘The sequence
of the specimens in the wall cases corresponds to that of
the floor cases.

In floor- and wall-cases Nos. I to 4 may be seen repre-
sentatives of Eozoic and Paleozoic Time: Laurentian,

(50)

Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian and
Carboniferous Periods. In floor- and wall-case No. I are
specimens of graphite of eozoic age and of anthracite and
bituminous coal or carboniferous age, showing the trans-
formation of vegetable matter into the ultimate condition
of pure carbon in the form of graphite or “‘black lead”
in the oldest rocks. Other specimens in this case, classed
as algae, are of uncertain botanical relationship, as the
structure of the primitive plants was not well adapted for
preservation as fossils. For example, some organisms ap-
pear as mere filamentous strips of graphite in white lime-
stone, without any trace of the original structure remaining,
while others may be seen as casts and impressions which
closely simulate in general appearance different parts of
the seaweeds now existing. In this series of problematic
fossils are also included a number of forms at one time
definitely classed as plants but now by some assumed to
be of animal or inorganic origin; namely, Scolithus, which
may be caused by worm burrows; Phytopsis, which may
be a coral; Plumalina, which may be a hydroid; Dendro-
phycus, which may be current-markings; and Dictyolites,
which are most likely sun-cracks. All of these, however,
have at one time or another been definitely regarded as
the remains of marine plants and were originally so de-
scribed and classified.

In these cases and in wall-case No. 2 are also the remains
of the earliest fern-plants and their allies (Pteridophyta)
of Devonian and Carboniferous age, represented by
Lepidodendron, Sigillaria and Calamites, and the early
seed-bearing plants, the cone-bearers (Gymnosperms),
represented by Cordattes, with the fossils under Trigono-
carpon, Rhabdocarpon and other genera.

Floor-cases Nos. 2 and 3 and wall-case No. 3 contain
specimens of Carboniferous age, for the most part ferns or
fern-like plants, which were originally described as ferns,
but which are now placed in a different group, the Cycado-
filicales, that is, plants that had characteristics of both

(51)

the ferns and the sago-palms, but more closely related to
the latter than to the ferns.

Floor- and wall-cases No. 4 are devoted to specimens of
Carboniferous plants in the genera Lepidodendron, Sigil-
laria and Stigmaria, in order to show the variation in the
arrangement and shape of the leaf scars and the difference
between specimens with the bark preserved and those
which have been decorticated.

Floor-case No. 5 contains types of early Mesozoic time:
Triassic and Jurassic Periods. The plant remains in this
case are mostly sago-palms or cycads, with a few cone-
bearers and fern-plants, besides specimens of the so-called
*“Glossopteris flora,” a flora of uncertain botanical relation-
ship, which flourished in the transition period between
Paleozoic and Mesozoic time, particularly in the southern
hemisphere, and may yet be represented by the living
South African genus Stangeria, a cycad having leaves with
pinnately arranged forking veins, similar to ferns.

Floor-case No. 6 encloses plant remains from the rocks
of later Mesozoic time: Lower and Middle Cretaceous
Period. ‘These specimens represent the first appearance
of the higher-seed-bearing plants (Angiosperms), the type
which is dominant in the existing flora. The genera are
in most instances apparently identical with those now in
existence, but the species are extinct. ‘The plants of the
Lower Cretaceous consist largely of ferns and cone-bearers,
while those of the middle Cretaceous show a preponderance
of angiosperms.

Floor-case No. 7 is arranged to show specimens of the
Middle Cretaceous flora found within the limits of the
City of New York, on Staten Island, or in the immediate
vicinity in New Jersey and on Long Island.

Floor-case No. 8 contains specimens from the Middle
Cretaceous of the western States. Those from the Dakota
Group are exceptionally fine, many of them being perfectly
preserved and showing both case and impression of the
same leaf as counterparts.

(52)

Floor-case No. 9 is devoted to plants of the Upper
Cretaceous (Laramie Group), and completes the vegetation
of Mesozoic time.

Floor-cases Nos. 10 to 12 and wall-case No. § contain
plant remains of Neozoic time. ‘Those of the early Ter-
tiary Period (Eocene) are displayed in floor-case No. 10.
Those of the later Tertiary (Miocene) and Quaternary
Periods in floor-cases Nos. 11 and 12. The specimens in
the latter case complete the sequence of plant life on the
earth and bring it up to modern times. A number of
specimens at one end of the case show the methods of
preservation by petrifaction, incrustation and carboniza-
tion, and on the upper shelf is a series of specimens from
Quaternary and more recent swamp deposits which show
how the conversion of living plants into fossils, a process
now going on, has its beginning.

The specimens in wall-case No. 5 further illustrate the
characteristics of the plants of the late geological periods
and the methods by which the various plant structures
have been preserved. A number of specimens of silicified
woods show the method of preservation by what is known
as petrifaction, or conversion into stone, in which the
woody structure is replaced by mineral matter. Other
specimens show preservation by incrustation, in which
mosses and the stems of reeds are coated or incrusted by
mineral matter deposited from springs; while on the upper
shelf on the top of the case are logs and stumps from old
swamps and interglacial deposits, in which the wood has
been partially carbonized, or converted into lignite, by
the slow process of natural distillation. This process
represents the beginning of the conversion of vegetable
tissue into coal.

LECTURES

Other features of the museum building include the large
public lecture hall, with a seating capacity of over seven
hundred, which occupies the western end of the basement.
It is equipped with an electric projection-lantern, and free

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(53)

public popular lectures covering a wide field of botanical
and horticultural subjects are delivered here on Saturday
afternoons from spring to autumn; these are fully illustrated
by means of a very extensive collection of lantern slides
owned by the Garden which is constantly being increased.
A noteworthy part of this collection is the series of delicately
and accurately colored slides of flowers, fruits, trees and
shrubs, by Mrs. Adelaide S. Van Brunt, from photographs
made during many years by her late husband, Cornelius
Van Brunt.

The Horticultural Society of New York holds several of
its monthly meetings at the Garden, using the large lecture
hall, and also uses the basement museum hall adjacent for
the purpose of exhibitions.

The Torrey Botanical Club holds monthly meetings from
October to May, on the afternoon of the last Wednesday of
each month, in the museum building, and many of its field
meetings on Saturday afternoons throughout the season
are held at the Garden.

THE LIBRARY

The library of the Garden is located in the center of the
upper floor of the museum building, and is available for
consultation, by permission. It has been formed by the
Board of Managers in order to provide for the use of
students, all the literature of botany, horticulture and re-
lated sciences, and is rapidly becoming one of the most
complete collections of books and pamphlets in the world
dealing with these subjects. It consists of a reading room,
circular in shape, and two stack rooms opening off from it.
The collection contains over 28,000 bound volumes.

In addition to its own books, the library has on deposit
many of the botanical works belonging to Columbia Uni-
versity and the New York Academy of Sciences.

The Cox collection of Darwiniana, named in honor of
the late Charles Finney Cox, by whom the collection was
made, consists of a complete set of the works of Darwin.

(54)

These books occupy a specially constructed cabinet which
stands near the center of the reading room.

Manuscript letters of botanists, as well as many portraits
of botanists, are also on file.

THE HERBARIUM

The herbarium consists of dried specimens of plants sys-
tematically arranged in cases; it occupies the greater portion
of several rooms on the upper floor of the museum building,
and is available for consultation by permission. It contains
prepared specimens of all kinds of plants from all quaters
of the globe, and is the most extensive and complete col-
lection of its kind in America. It comprises the Garden
herbarium and the Columbia University herbarium. The
latter is one of the oldest collections of its kind in the
United States, having been begun by Dr. John Torrey
soon after the commencement ofthelastcentury. After half
a century of natural growth several large herbaria were
incorporated in it and large sets of special collections were
added to it. The Garden herbarium was begun with the
inception of the Garden. It has grown rapidly and now
far excels the Columbia herbarium in the number of speci-
mens. ‘The rapid growth of the Garden herbarium and its
importance is due to the fact that it is built up of approxi-
mately thirty different herbaria which represent plants of
all groups from all parts of the globe. ‘To this as a basis
have been added miscellaneous collections and the first
sets of the plants secured by members of the Garden staff
while exploring in different parts of the New World and
the Old.

The great majority of specimens are mounted on her-
barium sheets, but many thousand specimens, such as
bulky fungi, fruits, seeds, and other parts of plants not
suitable for placing flat on herbarium sheets are contained
in cardboard boxes of multiple sizes.

The herbarium now comprises approximately one and
one-half million specimens. All groups of the flowerless
plants and flowering plants are copiously represented.

(55)
THE LABORATORIES

Laboratories and working rooms for research are pro-
vided on the upper floor of the museum building, and prop-
erly qualified students of botany are permitted to make use
of this equipment, under the direction of some member of
the staff of the Garden. The equipment is designed to meet
the needs of a very broad field of investigation including
plant chemistry, pathology, physiology and morphology.
An experimental garden and greenhouse at the nurseries
are used in connection with the laboratories. A valuable
series of old microscopes, illustrating the history and develop-
ment of that instrument, was presented by the late Mr.
Charles. Cox.

3. The Pinetum

[COLLECTION OF CONE-BEARING TREES]

The collection of cone-bearing trees, technically known
as the Pinetum, because the pines are the most abundant
of these trees, is planted over a space of about 30 acres in
the southwestern part of the grounds, extending from the
approach to the elevated railway station southeast to the
herbaceous garden, and northeast to the museum building
and the borders of the hemlock forest. ‘The species of trees
are grouped in genera, which are mostly separated by paths.
The planting out of these trees was commenced in 1901;
the collection will continually become more complete year
by year as additional species are secured; many of these
have to be raised from seed, and the process of establishing
a collection of conifers thus requires much time.

Commencing at the approach to the elevated railway
station we find the Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga mucronata)
planted in the space between the traffic road and the park
driveway to the left of the path leading to the conserva-
tories; this tree is a native of western North America from
the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast and is sometimes
known as red fir; in the far northwest it sometimes be-
comes 180 to 210 feet high, its trunk occasionally as much

(56)

as 3% feet in diameter, but in the Rocky Mountains it is
seldom one-half this size, and trees taken from the far
northwest do not thrive well on the Atlantic coast, owing
to the much greater rainfall which they naturally receive
there; the cones of the Douglas spruce are from 2 to 4
inches long, pendant on the branches, their scales rounded
and shorter than the bracts which project beyond them.

The hemlock spruces (7suga) are planted between the
approach to the elevated railway station and the power
house, and are represented by the Canadian hemlock spruce
(Tsuga canadensis), the same species which forms the inter-
esting forest on the hills bordering the Bronx River, and
indicated on the general plan of the Garden as the hemlock
grove. ‘This tree occasionally becomes about go feet high,
with a trunk up to 12 feet in diameter, and is distributed
throughout northeastern North America, extending south-
ward along the mountains to Alabama, northward to Nova
Scotia and westward to Minnesota. Its bark is the most
important tanning substance in the United States and a
great many trees are annually felled to obtain it; its wood
furnishes a cheap lumber of little strength and dura ility.
The weeping hemlock (Tsuga canadensis pendula) is one
of the most beautiful dwarf evergreens. ‘The Carolina hem-
lock (Tsuga caroliniana), from the mountains of southern
Virginia to Georgia, may also be seen here, as well as the
Japanese hemlock spruce (Tsuga Tsuga), to which the name
Tsuga was first applied. The hairy-twigged Japanese hem-
lock, Tsuga diverstfolia, is also here.

In the area to the westward of the conservatories,
extending to the west border, and bounded by paths on
the north and south, are the firs (Abies). These can at
once be distinguished from the spruces (Picea) by the erect,
instead of pendulous, cones, and by the smooth branchlets.
The wood of the firs is usually soft and not durable, so it
makes poor lumber. Specimens of the balsam fir will be
found here; this is widely distributed over northern North
America, and from it is obtained canada balsam or balm of

C57)

fir, used in the arts and in medicine. The Japanese silver
fir is an attractive plant, with its dark green stiff foliage.
Veitch’s silver fir, from Japan, and said also to occur on
the neighboring coast of Manchuria, is one of the best for
ornamental purposes. It was discovered in 1860 on the
famous Japanese mountain, Fuji-yama, by Mr. Veitch,
for whom it is named. The red fir, from Washington and
Oregon, with its blue leaves, borne almost erect and ap-
parently on but one side of the branchlets, makes a con-
spicuous object. In its native country it sometimes at-
tains a height of 250 feet. Its wood is sometimes used in
the interior finishing of buildings. Among other firs here
are: the white fir, from western North America, sometimes
growing to a height of 200 to 250 feet; the Siberian fir,
from northern Europe and Asia, yielding a soft lumber in
general use and a bark used in tanning leather; the common
silver fir, from Europe; Nordmann’s silver fir, from the
Caucasus; the Sicilian silver fir, from Asia Minor; and the
Nikko silver fir, from Japan.

The spruces (Picea) are located in the area to the north-
east of the firs. Some of the spruces are most valuable
timber trees. The oriental spruce, from Asia Minor, is
present in several specimens. One of the hardiest spruces
for our climate, and a general favorite, is the Colorado
spruce. ‘This will be found here in the green form; also
variety glauca, variety Koster, the blue color of the young
leaves more marked than in glauca, and a pendulous form
of variety Kosteri. It usually grows about 100 feet tall
in its native country. The Norway spruce, with a number
of horticultural forms, are brought together to the west of
the group of golden bells or Forsythia near the Garden
station plaza. It is a commonly cultivated tree and
furnishes a useful timber, which is known as ‘‘white deal”’
in England, and is largely used in the manufacture of
musical instruments. The resinous exudation of this tree
is known as Burgundy pitch, which, in combination with
other ingredients, is used in Europe to line beer casks.

(58 )

Other spruces of interest here are the Yesso spruce, the
wood of which is much used in Japan; the white, or Engel-
mann’s, spruce, from western North America, the wood of
which is largely manufactured into lumber and the bark
sometimes used in tanning; the Servian spruce, one of the
largest and most valuable timber trees of Europe; and the
tiger’s-tail spruce, from Japan, introduced about forty
years ago, and one of the hardiest Asiatic species in cul-
tivation.

The space allotted to the pines (Pinus) embraces the
region to the eascward of the spruces and public conserva-
tories, range I, extending across the road to the herbaceous
grounds. Most of the pines are of great economic impor-
tance, furnishing large quantities of lumber, turpentine
and resin. Most of the white pines will be found on the
westerly ridge of the herbaceous grounds and across the
road from this to the eastward of the conservatories.
Among these is our common white pine, which is perhaps
the most valuable of the timber trees of northeastern
North America, large quantities of lumber being derived
from it. Near this is the Himalayan pine, resembling it,
but with longer drooping leaves and the cones borne on
long stalks; this sometimes attains a height of 150 feet
in its native country, where its lumber is much used for
building and other purposes. In this region will also be
found the Cembra or Swiss stone pine, of southern Europe
and northern Asia; and the Macedonian pine, of south-
eastern Europe.

In the area to the eastward of the conservatories will be
found, among others, the Corsican pine, with a hard, strong
wood which is much used; the variegated Scotch pine, with
the young leaves variegated; and a number of plants of both
the white pine, Himalayan pine and Corsican pine.

In the region to the north of the white pine tract, and on
the westerly side of the herbaceous grounds ridge, will be
found the Tyrclese mountain pine, from the Tyrolese and
Venetian Alps, forming a group of some dozen plants; near

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(59)

this is the Japanese red pine, and several horticultural
forms of it, from Japan. Following these to the north are
a number of plants of the Jack pine, or Banks’ pine, native
of northern North America. Its wood is sometimes used
for fuel, and was valued by the Indians for the frames of
canoes.

In the area to the eastward of the spruces are a number of
other pines. The Corean pine, one of the white pines and
a native of eastern Asia, is located next to the spruces.
Near this is the Table-mountain pine. On the high ground
to the eastward of the above is the Scotch pine, the princi-
pal timber pine of Europe and Asiatic Russia. On the
easterly slope of this higher land and on the lower ground
nearby may be found, among others, the red or Canadian
pine, from northeastern North America, the wood of which
is largely used for building purposes and for masts, piles
and spars; the small-flowered pine, another of the white
pines and from Japan, where it is frequently used by the
Japanese in producing their miniature trees; the Japanese
black pine, also from Japan and useful for its wood; the
Austrian pine, found native in Austria, Servia and Rou-
mania, and the yellow, or bull, pine, from western North
America.

In the triangle located midway between the south gate
and the conservatories, are the American cypresses (T7'axo-
dium), in two species: the cypress, or bald cypress, and the
pond cypress. These, like the larches (Larix), and a few
other coniferous trees, shed their leaves for a portion of the
year. | They form vast areas, in parts of the southern
states, called cypress swamps. ‘Their timber is of economic
importance and their bark is rich in tannin. None of the
true cypresses (genus Cupressus) are hardy with us.

At the northern end of the swale in which the herbaceous
grounds are located, and to the westward of the morpholog-
ic garden, is the collection of larches (Larix) and also the
members of the yew family (Taxaceae). The larches are
deciduous trees, the wood of which is of great economic

(60)

importance. Specimens of the European larch are here,
and also of the Japanese larch. The genus Pseudolarix,
distinguished from the larches in having the scales of the
cones decidous, is represented by its single species, the
golden or ‘Chinese larch; this, like the true larches#iacne
deciduous tree.

The yew family (Taxaceae) is represented by three
genera. Of the true yews (Taxus) there are: the American
yew, or ground hemlock; the English yew and several of its
horticultural varieties, the wood of which was highly
prized in ancient times for the manufacture of bows; and
the Japanese yew. The last is by far the best fommems
climate, standing well the dry summers and cold winters;
there is a dwarf form of this known as variety nana, which
is an especially desirable evergreen for decorative planting.
The cluster-flowered yew (Cephalotaxus) is represented by
the Japanese species and one other from Corea. The
Japanese Torreya (Tumion nuciferum) represents this genus.
Another species, Tumion taxifolium, of Florida, is not
hardy in our climate; small plants of it will be found in
house 12, conservatory range I. Still other representatives
of the yew family are in houses 12 and 13 of conservatory
range I.

To the north of the economic garden will be found speci-
mens of the umbrella pine, not a true pine, however, but
belonging to the genus Sciadopitys, a native of Japan.
Another tree here is the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria
japonica, with several horticultural varieties. This will
stand our winter climate only in sheltered situations such
as this; the forms of the variety Lobbii are more hardy and
are therefore better suited to this climate. There is also
here a small specimen of the big tree of California, Sequioa
Washingtoniana. This climate is most uncongenial to
this noble plant which in its native country, the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, attains a height sometimes of
Over 300 feet.

On the westerly corner of the conservatory terrace and in

(6r )

the immediate vicinity are located the retinisporas, which
are so commonly cultivated as decorative plants. There
are many horticultural forms here represented, but they
are all variations of two Japanese trees: the Sawara cypress
(Chamaecyparis pisifera); and the Hinoki cypress (Cham-
aecyparis obtusa). ‘The latter species is frequently used by
the Japanese in their dwarfing process. ‘The names borne
by the various horticultural forms have been suggested by
some peculiarity in coloring or in manner of growth.
North American species of the genus Chamaecyparis will
be found in the low ground along the south walk, not far
from the south gate.

On the easterly corner of the conservatory terrace, oppo-
site the retinisporas, is a part of the juniper, or red cedar
(Juniperus), collection. ‘The remaining and larger portion
of this collection will be found on the easterly end of the
area lying between the driveway and the traffic-road south
of the conservatories. In these two areas will be found
many species and varieties of these plants. The common
juniper, of north temperate regions, is one of these; also
the Irish juniper, a form of this, of compact and strict habit.
The red cedar, so common in a wild state in the grounds of
the Garden, finds representatives in many horticultural
forms. The savin juniper, of Europe and northern Asia,
and its American representative, the prostrate or Waukegan
juniper, of northern North America, are both neat low-
growing sorts. ‘The Chinese juniper, and its striking form,
of columnar habit, known as variety pyramidalis, are each
present in a number of specimens. ‘There are still other
varities of the Chinese juniper represented here, including
Pfitzeriana, one of the best dwarf conifers.

At the westerly end of this area is the arbor vitae group
(Thuja). The species of this genus produce a durable wood
which is of especial value where there is contact with the
soil. The Japanese arbor-vitae is represented by several
specimens. The common arbor-vitae, or white cedar,
from northeastern North America, is fully represented, not

( 62 )

only by the typical form, but by many horticultural va-
rieties, some of them very decorative. ‘The wood of this
tree is valued for fence posts, railway ties, etc., and from
its young branches fluid extracts and tinctures are made
which are used in medicine. ‘The Chinese arbor vitae,
from China and Japan, has a number of specimens repre-
senting it and some of its horticultural forms.

The maiden-hair tree family is represented by a single
species, the maiden-hair tree, several specimens of which
may be found on the southern portion of the westerly ridge
of the herbaceous grounds. ‘This interesting tree, with its
fan-shaped leaves, is a remarkable relic of a type of vegeta-
tion which was common and widely distributed in tertiary
geological time, but is now restricted to eastern temperate
Asia in this one species, Ginkgo biloba.

4. The Herbaceous Garden

The collection of hardy herbaceous plants is situated in a
valley southeast of the public conservatories, and between
the main driveway and the western border of the woods
fringing the hemlock grove. This valley is about 1500
feet long and averages about 300 feet wide. A small
stream runs through the valley from north to south and is
here and there broadened out into pools. ‘The collections
are arranged in three series: (a) The systematic plantation;
(b) the morphological garden; (c) the economic garden;
the viticetum, ‘or collection’ of vines) is planted at tam
arbor just east of the northern part of the valley.

(a) Systematic PLANTATION

This is located in that portion of the valley south of the
driveway crossing it, and here the plants are grouped by
natural families in botanical relationship. At the southern
end are the seedless plants, represented by the ferns and their
allies; east of the brook are the families of seed-bearing
plants belonging to the large endogenous division, or those
with parallel-veined leaves and with one seed-leaf (monocot-

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( 63 )

yledons). To the west of the brook are the families belong-
ing to the exogenous division of plants, or those in which the
leaves are usually net-veined and which have two seed-
leaves (dicotyledons); this latter group embraces the
larger part of the plants in the collection. Along the brook,
or init, may be found many aquatic plants, representing in
some cases families which are exclusively water-lovers,
while in other cases they are aquatic representatives of
families occurring in the immediate vicinity in the beds.
In this plantation, the family groups are arranged sub-
stantially in a sequence beginning with those of simpler
organization and proceeding to the most complex.

The series commences in the southern corner of the valley
at the foot-path entrance, where the hardy ferns and their
allies may be found, including species from all parts of the
north temperate zone. Among these may be mentioned the
ostrich fern, the cinnamon fern, Clayton’s fern, the royal
fern, the brake or bracken, and a number of species of the
shield-ferns and of the spleen-worts. Some of the aquatic
representatives of the ferns and their allies may be found
in the pond nearby.

In this pond may also be found the following aquatic
endogenous families: the cat-tail family, the bur-reed family,
the pond-weed family, the arrow-grass family, and the
tape-grass family. At the junction of the brook with this
pond is the water-plantain family, including, besides the
water-plantain, several species of arrow-head (Sagittaria).
A little beyond, in the brook, may be found the water-
poppy family, represented by the water-poppy, a showy
plant common in tropical regions.

Following to the north comes the large group of the
grasses and grass-like plants, those whose flowers, mostly
very small, are subtended by chaffy scales or glumes.
This is represented by the grasses and the sedges, several
beds being devoted to each of these families. Some of the
more familiar grasses are: timothy, Kentucky blue-grass,
reed canary-grass, orchard grass, red-top and tall fescue-

( 64 )

grass, all used in making hay. Other grasses of interest
are: sweet vernal-grass, exhaling a pleasant odor when
bruised; the Japanese plume-grass, in several forms, very
ornamental; the ribbon-grass, a variegated form of the reed
canary-grass, and also ornamental; and species of many
other genera.

The sedges are represented mainly by the large genus
Carex, of which there are many species, native in the United
States, growing in swamps, meadows and woodlands.
Fraser’s sedge (Cymophyllus Fraser1), is a striking plant
from the southeastern United States, at one time one of the
rarest of plants, but rediscovered in recent years in large
quantities in the mountains of North Carolina. The
tussock sedge, common in our swamps in early spring, the
cat-tail sedge, Gray’s sedge and the fox sedge, are others
belonging to the genus Carex. ‘There are also representa-
tives of bullrushes and other sedges.

Following the sedges is the arum family, having as repre-
sentative plants, familiar to many, the skunk cabbage, the
green arrow-arum, the green dragon, the jack-in-the-pulpit,
and the sweet flag. In the brook opposite to this family
may be found the somewhat related duckweed family; the
duckweeds (Lemna) are very common, these tiny plants
sometimes occurring in such numbers as to cover the surface
of ponds and slowly moving streams. Coming now to the
spiderwort family, we have represented mainly the spider-
worts and day-flowers. In a small pool and along its
eastern edge is placed the pickerel-weed family. Here
may be found a large clump of the pickerel-weed (Ponte-
deria) which is common in swamps and along streams in
the vicinity of New York; here may also be found the
water-hyacinth, which has become such a pest in some of
the rivers of Florida and the West Indies, and the closely
related blue water-hyacinth, of more straggling habit, also
of tropical origin, planted out in summer.

The rush family occurs next in the sequence, represented,
among others, by such familiar plants as the common bog-

(65 )

rush, the slender rush, and the common wood-rush. Fol-
lowing this come the members of the bunch-flower family,
with several species of bellworts, the turkey-beard, the
Japanese toad-lily, the fly poison, and others. Closely
related to this is the lily family; one of the beds given
over to this family is devoted to the true lilies (Lilium) in
several forms; another is set aside for the onions and their
relatives, of which there are many interesting forms, some
of them of decorative value; while another bed is given toa
miscellaneous collection of plants belonging to this family,
among which may be mentioned the day or plantain lilies,
the yellow day lilies and the lemon lilies, the true asphodel
or king’s sword, the grape-hyacinth and Adam’s needle.
Other close relatives of the lilies belong to the lily-of-the-
valley family; here may be found many familiar plants,
among them being the lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria),
the wild spikenard, the common asparagus, of such wide
use as a vegetable in the early part of the summer, and
several species of the Solomon’s-seal, both from the Old
World and the New.

The amaryllis family is shown by a number of species of
daffodils and narcissus. In the iris family, which comes
next, many species are represented. Most familiar among
these are: the common blue flag of our swamps, the yellow
flag of Europe, the German iris, the Siberian iris, the
Japanese iris and the blackberry lily. For the canna
family reference is made to the plantations at the Garden
fountain at the approach to the museum building and to
the conservatories, and for orchids to the conservatories.

Crossing the brook now by the path paralleling the drive-
way, we come to the beginning of the sequence of the large
series of plants with net-veined leaves and with two seed-
leaves (dicotyledons). This series begins with the lizard’s-
tail family, represented here in the brook by the lizard’s-tail
(Saururus), a common plant of our brooks and river borders
in the eastern United States. To the nettle family one bed
is at present given, located near a group of magnolia trees,

( 66 )

where may be found, among other kinds: the slender nettle,
of North America; the stinging nettle, native in Europe and
Asia, but introduced into this country; and the wood nettle,
also a North American plant; all of these secrete an oil
through the hairs covering the stem and leaves, this oil
being irritating to the skin, especially in the stinging nettle.
In the immediate neighborhood and to the right is the birth-
wort family, represented by several species of wild ginger
(Asarum), among them the common one of this region, the
short-lobed wild ginger, the root of which is of medicinal
value; another is Shuttleworth’s wild ginger, of the south-
eastern United States. ‘To the buckwheat family there are
at present devoted three beds, forming a group to the left
of the nettle family. The docks (Rumex) are shown in
many forms, as are the knotweeds (Polygonum); the most
showy of these are the Japanese and Sakhalin knotweeds,
the latter a plant of considerable economic importance,
being used as a fodder plant, and is a native of the Sakhalin
Island; to this family also belong rhubarb, or pie-plant, and
buckwheat. Next to this and near the brook is the goose-
foot family, with several species, one of which, the lamb’s-
quarters (Chenopodium), is native of Europe and Asia, but
found as a common weed in waste places and along road-
sides in this country; its young shoots are sometimes used
as avegetable. Closely related to this, and just south of it,
is the amaranth family, represented by several species of
the pigweed, many of them among the commonest weeds
of our roadsides and waste places. Forming a series to the
right of this are: the whitlow-wort, four-o’clock, pokeweed,
carpetweed and purslane families. In the whitlow-wort
family are gnawel or German knotweed, a common weed
of fields and waste places, and the forked chickweed. In
the four-o’clock family may be found the common four-
o’clock of our gardens, a native of tropical America, its
flowers opening only on cloudy days or late in the afternoon
on clear days, whence its name; and the umbrellaworts,
from North America. In this vicinity is the Madeira-vine

Coz)

family, to which belongs the genus Basella; here represented.
The pokeweed family is represented by the common poke
or garget (Phytolacca), native of the eastern part of North
America, a plant of medicinal value and poisonous, but
its young shoots when first appearing above the ground
are sometimes used as “‘greens.”” In the carpetweed family
are the carpetweed, from which the family derives its
name, a native of the United States and Mexico, but a
common weed in this vicinity; and representatives of the
south African fig-marigolds (Mesembryanthemum), many
of them very showy; they are not hardy in this latitude and
must be planted out every spring. In the purslane family,
among others, may be found the sunplant or common
portulaca of the gardens, a native of South America; the
small-flowered talinum, from the central United States;
and the common purslane or pusly, a pernicious weed in
many sections of the country, and often used for “greens”’
or as a salad.

Then comes the chickweed family, with sandworts,
chickweeds and related plants. The pink family follows,
where many kinds of pinks, catchflies, and gypsophils
may be found. In the first pool, formed by the widening
of the brook, is the water-lily family; the large yellow pond
lily or spatterdock, a native of eastern North America,
may be seen here, as may also its relative, the red-disked
pond lily, from northeastern North America; the sweet-
scented water-lily, and its variety, the pink, or Cape Cod,
water-lily, also find a place here; the water-shield or water-
target is also a member of this family and a native of North
America. The tanks in the court of the public conserva-
tories contain a great many additional kinds. The horn-
wort family likewise occupies a position in this pool. The
aquatic members of the crowfoot family are grown here,
the terrestrial forms being placed in four beds to the west-
ward; one of these beds is given up entirely to the peonies
(Paeonia), of which there are a number of interesting and
handsome forms, and in the other beds may be found lark-

( 68 )

spurs, columbines, buttercups, meadow-rues, anemones,
liver-leaf, and many other relatives; aconite, or monk’s-
hood, of great medicinal value, also belongs to this family.

The barberry family, which is represented by a single
bed on the ridge to the right of the crowfoot family, con-
tains, among others, the blue-cohosh and the may-apple or
mandrake (Podophyllum), natives of North America;
the twin-leaf, a native of the northeastern United States;
and of Japanese plants, the red epimedium. In the poppy
family may be found the oriental poppy, a native of Asia
Minor and Persia, and here may be seen also the cordate
Macleaya, from Japan, and the Mexican poppy, a native of
Mexico and found as a weed in many tropical and warm
temperate regions. In the fumitory family are the bleed-
ing-hearts (Bicuculla), represented by the wild bleeding-
heart from the eastern United States. The mustard family,
which comes next in the sequence, occupies two beds. To
this family belong the candy-tufts, represented here by the
evergreen candy-tuft, from southern Europe and Asia
Minor, and the alpine rock-cress, from Europe and North
America, one of the showiest flowers in early spring, its
mantle of pure white flowers making it a conspicious
object; there are many other species represented in this
group. ‘The caper family has as representatives the showy
pedicellaria, a native of the Old World, and the clammy
weed (Polanisia), from northern North America. The
white and yellow cut-leaved mignonettes (Reseda) repre-
sent the mignonette family. Across the path to the right,
on the ridge and partly surrounding a rocky knoll, is the
bed devoted to the orpine or stonecrop family, where there
may be found many of the stonecrops (Sedum), among the
more showy and attractive being: the great purple stone-
crop, the great stonecrop, the white stonecrop, and the
mossy stonecrop, all natives of Europe and northern Asia;
the wild stonecrop from our own country; the Siberian
stonecrop and the poplar-leaved stonecrop, both from
Siberia; and a Japanese species, Siebold’s stonecrop; also

( 69 )

belonging to this family are the houseleeks (Sempervivum),
of which there are many representatives, all from the Old
World, however, as these plants are not indigenous to the
New World. Many other species of this family, not hardy
in this latitude, may be found in the conservatories.
Across the path from the orpine family may be found the
three beds devoted to the saxifrage family. The heart-
leaved saxifrage, with its large, thick leaves, from Siberia,
is one of the showiest plants here, sending up its large
masses of pink flowers early in the spring, so early some-
times that they are nipped by the frost. Among other
plants here may be mentioned: the alum-root, from the
eastern United States; the two-leaved bishop’s-cap, from
the northern United States; the Japanese plant, Rodgersia;
and the shield-leaf saxifrage, from the western United
States. Menzies’ saxifrage, from western North America,
is interesting from the fact that in late summer and fall it
produces small plants at the base of the leaf-blades.

To the herbaceous members of the rose family are al-
lotted five beds, located to the left of the saxifrage family.
Many species of cinquefoils and agrimonies may be found
here; of the strawberry (Fragaria) there are several species
represented; the lady’s-mantle, from north temperate
regions, the various species of avens, the goat’s-beard, the
burnets and many others, are of decorative value or of in-
terest for other reasons. ‘The roses, blackberries and rasp-
berries, also members of this family, are shrubs, and may
be found at the fruticetum. The mimosa family has
relatively few representatives in temperate regions, most
of its numerous members being confined to warm temperate
regions and to the tropics; many of these may be found in
the conservatories. To the senna family belong the sennas
or cassias, a showy representative being the American senna
a native of North America; this family being also largely
of warm temperate and tropical distribution, many other
species may be found in the conservatories. ‘To the right
of the mimosa family may be found the bed devoted to the

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pea family; to this some of our most valued economic
plants belong, such as the pea, the bean and the clover; to
the pea family belong also the baptisias, the bush-clovers,
the vetches, the tick-trefoils and many other familiar plants.

Next in the order of sequence is the geranium family, to
which belong the geraniums or crane’s-bills; the plants so
often cultivated in the house under the name of geraniums,
but which are not hardy out of doors in our climate, are
really not what they are called, but are truly pelargoniums,
a closely-related group of plants belonging to the same
family; our common wild geranium or crane’s-bill may be
found, among other plants here. A little farther on, near
the brook, may be found the bed devoted to the wood-sorrel
family, often called sour-grass by children; several species
are shown here. Just to the left of the geranium family
is the flax family, to which belongs the flax plant (Linum),
from the fiber contained in the stem of which linen is made.
Beyond this is the bed for the rue family; to this belong
the common rue, of southern Europe, and the fraxinella;
this family also includes the oranges and lemons, specimens
of which may be found in the conservatories, and a very
great number of tropical trees and shrubs. To the right
of this is a small bed devoted to the milkwort family.
The spurge family is in a bed just to the left of the flax
family; the flowering spurge, from the eastern United
States, and the cypress spurge, from Europe, but sometimes
found wild in this country as an escaped plant, are both
here. Along the edge of the brook, and opposite the
spurge family, may be seen the water-starwort family, to
which belong a number of small aquatic plants. About
opposite this, and at the base of the rocky ridge to the right,
are two representatives of the box family, in the trailing
pachysandra, from North America, and its Japanese
relative, the terminal pachysandra; the true box (Buxus)
is a shrub or small tree, native of Europe, and several
races of it may be found at the Iruticetum:))) A ‘rttle
to the right of the wood-sorrel family is the jewel-weed

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family, to which belong the common balsam of the gardens,
and the plant so common along our brooks and other wet
places, and known as jewel-weed, or touch-me-not. A
little beyond this are three beds of the mallow family;
the hollyhocks belong here, as do the mallows; the crimson-
eye mallow and the swamp-rose mallow, both from North
America, are showy representatives of this family; and the
marsh mallow, a native of Europe and the Orient, is also
shown; its root is used in the manufacture of a mucilage
and for medicinal purposes.

To the right of the mallows is the bed given over to the
St. John’s-wort family. The rock-rose family comes next,
a little further on; here belong the rock-roses of Europe and
our own frost-weeds. To the right of this is the violet
family; a collection of our native species, together with
some from foreign lands, is here brought together and
many of these may be recognized as old friends. Near the
violet bed is one devoted to the loasa family. Up on the
ridge to the right, across the walk, may be found the cactus
family; relatively few of these are hardy in this climate, so
the larger part of the cactus collection must be sought in
the conservatories. Here may be found, however, several
representatives of the prickly pears (Opuntia), including
the eastern prickly pear, common in this part of the country
which is frequently found on the rocky ridges in the
vicinity of New York and occurs wild on some ledges within
the Garden reservation. Down near the brook, and not
far from the mallow family, is the loosestrife family, repre-
sented by the purple loosestrife, a native of Europe, but
introduced in many places in this country; among others
belonging to this family is the swamp loosestrife, or willow-
herb (Decodon), a clump of which may be found along the
brook opposite to the loosestrife bed. Near this, on the
edge of the brook, is located the meadow beauty, one of
the prettiest little flowers of our meadows; it belongs to
the meadow beauty family, few species of which occur in
coal regions; it is largely represented in warm temperate

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and tropical regions, and many other species may be found
in the conservatories. But a short distance from the violet
family is the evening-primrose family; here may be found
a number of the evening primroses (Oenothera), with their
showy yellow flowers, noteworthy as the plants mainly
experimented with by Professors DeVries and MacDougal
in their studies on the origin of species. Along the brook,
not far from the loosestrife family, is the water-milfoil
family, represented by the Chilean water-milfoil or parrot’s-
feather, forming a beautiful mass of feathery green on the
surface of the water. Returning now to the ridge, a little
beyond the violet family, we find the bed allotted to the
ginseng family; here are the Indian-root, from eastern
North America, and the heart-leaved aralia from Japan.
To this family also belongs the ginseng plant, the root of
which is so much prized by the Chinese as a medicine.
Down the slope from this group may be found two beds
given over to the carrot family, which includes many
economic plants, such as the carrot, parsnip, celery and
caraway; lovage, a common European plant, is shown, and
the rattlesnake-master, from the eastern United States;
the wild carrot and the golden meadow parsnip also belong
here.

To the primrose family, located at the base of the ridge a
little beyond the carrot family, belong the primroses (Prim-
ula), many of which are natives of Europe; here we find the
common European primrose, the cowslip and others; the
moneywort, a native of Europe, but introduced into many
places in this country, sends its long creeping stem all over
the bed—this is sometimes known as creeping Charlie; the
fringed loosestrife, from North America, is also here, as is
the clethra-like loosestrife, from Japan, with its racemes of
white flowers. Between the two beds devoted to the carrot
family, and a little beyond, is the plumbago family, to
which belongs the common thrift of Europe; there are
several other thrifts here also, as well as the statices or
sea-lavenders, in several species. ‘The bed allotted to the

(73)

gentian family may be found a little beyond the plumbago
family; various gentians are represented, among them the
blind gentian, a native of the United States. In the brook,
just beyond the little stone bridge, may be found the buck-
bean family; here are shown the water-snowflake, common
in tropical regions, and the water-lily floating heart, native
in Europe and northern Asia.

Just beyond the left-hand bed devoted to the carrot
family is the dogbane family; the willow-leaved amsonia,
from the central and southeastern United States, and the
broad-leaved amsonia, from the central and eastern United
States, are conspicuous objects here. Beyond this are
two beds of the milkweed family and among its representa-
tives are the common milkweed of our roadsides, the hairy
milkweed and the swamp milkweed; the swallowworts also
belong here and are illustrated by several species. In the
morning-glory family, located to the right of the above,
are the small bind-weed, of northern Europe and Asia,
sometimes a troublesome weed in this country, and the
bush morning-glory from the western United States.
Following the milkweeds is the phlox family; interesting
plants here are the Jacob’s-ladder (Polemonium), of
Europe, with its masses of blue flowers; the hairy phlox,
of North America; Brittons’ phlox, a relative of the common
ground phlox, from the southeastern United States; the
ground phlox and its white-flowered form, both natives of
the eastern United States; and forms of the garden phlox,
also from the southeastern United States. In the shade,
the natural habitat of many of these plants, is the water-
leaf family, at the base of a large rock on the ridge; there
are the purple, the broad-leaved and the Virginia water-leaf
(Hydrophyllum).

Further along and at the base of the ridge is the borage
family; the tuberous comfrey, the rough comfrey and the
common comfrey, all natives of Europe, are represented.
In the vervain family, in a small bed to the left, may be
found: the wedge-leaved fog-fruit (Lippia), from the wes-

(74)

tern United States and Mexico and the vervains. We
now come in the sequence to the mint family, to which are
devoted six beds; among the true mints may be found here
the creeping whorled mint, the curled mint and the spear-
mint, all from the Old World. Many familiar plants may
be seen in these beds, and among them are: the false
dragon-head, of the United States; motherwort, common
in Europe and widely distributed as a weed in this country
along roadsides and in waste places; the horse-balm, of
North America, common in the east in woods; Oswego tea,
and other bergamots, natives of North America; the betony
and hyssop, of Europe; the hedge-nettles, from both the
Old World and the New; the common sage of the Medi-
terranean region, highly prized by the housewife, and
other sages; catnip, a native of Europe, but widely dis-
tributed as a weed in this country; Gill-over-the-ground,
or ground ivy, also a European plant, but extensively
spread as a weed in this country; and the dittany, of
North America.

The potato family may be found a little to the left and
just beyond the phlox family. Here may be seen the
common jimson, or Jamestown, weed, the seeds of which
are poisonous, a native of tropical regions, but a common
weed along our roadsides; the nightshade, a European
plant, but commonly distributed as an introduction in
many parts of this country, also with poisonous fruit,
tobacco plants and solanums; it is to this family that the
potato, tomato and egg-plant belong. A little beyond
and to the left of the mints are the two beds allotted to the
figwort family; of interest here are: the beard-tongues, of
which there are several species; the speedwells (Veronica),
among them the long-leaved speedwell and the gentian
speedwell; the fox-gloves (Digitalis), from one of which,
the purple fox-glove, the valuable medicine digitalin is
derived; Lyon’s snake-head from the southern states;
culver’s-root, from the southeastern United States; and
several figworts. Just beyond this may be found the

(75)

unicorn-plant family, represented by the unicorn-plant.
A little beyond is the globularia family, presented by a
single species of globularia. To the right is the acanthus
family; not many of these plants are hardy in this latitude,
but in the conservatories many representatives may be
found, as the family is largely confined to tropical and warm
temperate areas; in this bed may be seen the hairy ruellia,
from the southeastern United States. In this neighborhood
may also be seen the lopseed family, represented by the
lopseed, a native of eastern North America.

To the right of the acanthus family is the single bed de-
voted to the plantain family; several species, such as Ru-
gel’s plantain and rib-grass, are pernicious weeds in this
neighborhood, often disfiguring an otherwise even lawn.
Just beyond the mints may be found the two beds of the
madder family; to this belongs the dainty little bluets or
innocence, which sometimes give a blue sheen to sterile,
sandy places, so abundant is it in some localities; it is quite
common in eastern North America; several species of
bedstraw (Galium) may also be found here, while many
other plants belonging to this family are grown at the
conservatories, among them the coffee tree. A little be-
yond is the single bed of the honeysuckle family, repre-
sented by the feverworts; this family being largely composed
of woody plants, many other species, including the true
honeysuckles, may be found in the fruticetum and in the
viticetum. ‘To the left is the valerian family with a single
bed; here may be found the valerian, a common European
plant.

Just beyond the plantain family is the teasel family. It
is to this that the teasel plant belongs, used in olden times
for raising the nap on woolen cloth. Several species of
cephalaria may be found here. Next in sequence is the
gourd family, to which belong such common fruits as the
cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon and pumpkin. The
bell-flower family is a little further on and to the left of the
teasel family; the Carpathian and Host’s bell-flowers, both

(76)

natives of Europe, are pretty representatives here; the
creeping bell-flower, or Canterbury bells, also a native of
Europe, may be found here in several forms; the Japanese
bell-flower and its white variety are also here, their large
showy flowers making them quite conspicuous. A little
further on and to the left is the lobelia family; the cardinal
flower and the great lobelia, both natives of North America,
make showy objects; the former is particularly striking
in its rich masses of cardinal-red flowers.

To the right of the teasel family is the chicory family.
The common lettuce (Lactuca), so much used in salads, be-
longs here; many of the plants are extremely weedy by
nature, and this is particularly true of the hawkweeds, a
genus richly represented in the Old World, several species
of which are shown here; the oyster plant is also a member
of this family.

To the left of this may be found the ragweed family.
All the species here are of a weedy nature. The ragweed,
the giant ragweed and the common clot-blur find represen-
tation here. Terminating the sequence comes the very
large thistle family, represented by many species from all
parts of the world; there are nine beds at present given over
to these plants; the sunflowers, coneflowers, thistles, asters,
fleabanes, yarrows, golden-rods, tansies, sneezeweeds, bur-
docks, artemisias and wormwoods, cat’s-foot, tick-seeds,
elecampane, boneset, chrysanthemums, colt’s-foot and
many others are shown; the Jerusalem artichoke, one of the
sun-flowers, a native of eastern North America, bears edible
tubers.

HERBACEOUS GARDEN PERGOLA

A small, hexagonal, concrete pergola stands in a triangle
formed by three paths in the forest edge on the eastern
side of this plantation.

(b) MorpHoLoGicaL GARDEN

This is located to the north of the systematic collection,
the two collections being separated by the driveway which

(77)

crosses the valley. It is designed to illustrate here with
typical examples the organs and other features of plants,
including leaf-forms and the various modifications of their
margins, their venation and insertion on the stem; also
the various kinds of stems, methods of propagation,
flower-clusters and fruits, leaf-movements, parasites, desert
plants and seed-dispersal. Looking north on this collec-
tion, the first bed to the right of the brook contains plants
illustrating simple leaf-forms. Immediately following this
on the same side of the brook are the plants representing the
various forms of compound leaves, or those in which there
is a distinct jointing of the leaflets to the leaf-axis. Farther
along the brook, in the pool, may be found various forms
of aquatic roots, stems and leaves; and a little beyond this
to the right is the bed containing plants illustrating forms
of propagation.

The remaining plots of this collection are located on the
left hand or westerly side of the brook. The first of these
to the right is devoted to leaf-venation, and the one to the
left to leaf-margins, the former illustrating the character
of the veins and nerves, and the latter the toothing or
lobing of the margins. Beyond this to the right is the
group of plants showing the manner of insertion of the
leaves on the stem; and to the left of this are specimens
illustrating the various ways in which plants may form a
mosaic covering on the ground. A little beyond are the
examples of stem-forms; one bed is devoted to show the
smaller kinds, while for the larger examples, illustrating
tree-twining, root-climbing and tendril-climbing stems,
specimens have been placed to the left of this bed.

A little beyond the pool may be found the bed illustrating
flower-clusters, and still further on that devoted to para-
sitic plants, or those deriving their nourishment from the
living tissues of other plants. ‘To the left of this and farther
up the hill is the group of plants showing leaf-positions.
Beyond and a little to the right are plants which are at
home in desert regions, and the various means of accom-

(78 )

modating themselves to their natural surroundings are
shown. Further on to the right is the bed devoted to
fruit-forms; and to the left of this, one showing various
forms of seed-dispersal; those with the surface of the fruits
covered with some sticky substance or curved appendages
or hooked hairs or spines require the intervention of some
animal for their distribution, while those with wings or
with hairs attached to the seed are spread through the
agency of the wind. ‘To the right of the above are plants
representing a species and a variety, and to the left of this
is a bed containing plants showing species and hybrids.
Another bed in this vicinity illustrates mutations.

(c) Economic GARDEN

The collections illustrating food plants and those produc-
ing substances directly useful to man in the arts, sciences and
industries are planted at the northern end of the long
glade containing the herbaceous collections just described.
The collection is arranged in two series divided by a central
grass walk. ‘The beds on each side are numbered consecu-
tively, the number being indicated on a wooden stake in
the center. A general sign is placed in each of the beds,
denoting what its contents are intended to represent, and
in front of each plant is a smaller label giving individual
information.

On the east side of a broad central grass path and the
brook are located plants used for medicine, those employed
as condiments or relishes, and a number of plants from
which the fiber is used in the manufacture of various
fabrics. ‘The medicinal plants which grow in wet or moist
situations may be found on the easterly side of the brook.
Along the westerly border is also a collection of medicinal
shrubs and trees.

On the west side of the grass path and brook are the food
plants. Here may be found many of the common fruits
and vegetables. Along the gravel path is a collection of
shrubs and trees, containing some of the more common
plants producing edible nuts and fruits.

(79)

In the eastern series, bed no. 1, located at the northern
end, contains plants used as condiments and relishes; here,
among others, are peppermint, spearmint, mustard, lovage,
lavender, savory, caraway, dill, coriander, basil, marjoram,
anise, balm, sage, tarragon, and horse-radish. Beds 2, 3,
Ae and 7 contain drug plants., \\ In beds 2, 4,\ and, 6 it 16
the roots and rootstocks which are employed; such drugs
as valerian, Indian physic, convallaria, sanguinaria, podo-
phyllum or mandrake, inula, belladonna, pleurisy-root,
rhubarb, cimicifuga, arum, tussilago or coltsfoot, and caulo-
phyllum are here. In bed 3 among the commonly known
drugs are catnip, tansy, horehound, and stramonium, the
leaves of which furnish the active principles. In bed 7 are
plants from the herbage, seeds or flowers of which drugs are
manufactured; hops, tussilago or coltsfoot, rue, tobacco,
castor-oil, digitalis and dulcamara are some of these. Bed
5 contains plants from which fibers are obtained, such as
cotton, flax, used in the manufacture of linen, hemp, and
broom-corn, from the inflorescences of which brooms are
made. In the adjoining woodland border of shrubs and
trees are the prickly ash, barberry, witch hazel, cramp-
bark, rhamnus, frangula, euonymus, red-root, shrub yellow-
root, and hydrangea. Along the east side of the brook will
be found calamus and magnolia.

In the western series, devoted to food plants, in bed no. 1,
located at the north end of the first line of beds, are plants
the bulbs of which are useful for “ood; among these are
onions, garlic, chives, and leeks. In the adjoining bed Io,
the first of the second line, are those furnishing tubers for
food, such as the sweet-potato, Irish potato, and Jerusalem
artichoke: In bed 18, the first in the third line, are plants
with fleshy roots, such as celeriac, oyster-plant, radishes,
turnips, carrots, and beets. In beds 2 and 3 it is the leaves
which are edible; familiar examples are cabbage, kale,
lettuce, Brussel’s-sprouts, collards, chicory, Chinese mus-
tard. /fetticus,) endives, and spinach. |) In) bed) 4/are plants,
the herbage of which is used; examples here are French

( 80 )

spinach or orach, and rocket salad or roquette. It is the
stems and leaf-stalks of the plants in bed 11 which are
edible; here are asparagus, rhubarb, sea kale, kohlrabi,
cardoon, and celery. In bed 5 are cauliflower and broccoli,
the flowers being the edible portions.

Many plants furnish food in the shape of fruits. A fruit
is developed from the flower, thus differing from a vegetable
which is the edible portion of some part of a plant other
than the fruit. Beds 6 to 8, 12 to 16, and 19 to 27 contain
plants which furnish edible fruits. These divide them-
selves generally into two kinds, those in which the fruit
is more or less fleshy, such as berries, pumpkins and beans,
and those in which the seeds only furnish the food value,
such as wheat, barley and other grains. In bed 6 are the
egg-plant and okra. In bed 8 will be found peas, beans,
and fennugreek; in bed 12 the various kinds of tomatoes;
in bed 13 the different sorts of peppers; in bed 14 straw-
berries; beds 19 to 26 contain each a single kind, as follows:
crookneck squash, pumpkin, musk melon, citron, water
melon, Hubbard squash, English marrow, and cucumber.

In the group containing the grains are the four common
cereals, wheat, rye, oats and barley, all in bed 7. In bed
15 are) the different) kinds of sweet corn.: | in bedurefane
the field corns, both flint and dent, and popcorn. In bed
27 are buckwheat, sorghum, and rape, among others.

Beds 9 and 17 contain fodder plants. Bed g has fodder
plants other than grasses, such as alfalfa, red, white and
crimson clovers, winter vetch, summer vetch, yellow lupine,
blue lupine, and Florida beggarweed. In bed 17 are fodder
plants of the grass family, such as teosinte, Johnson grass,
field corn, timothy, Kentucky blue- grass, red-top, and pearl
millet. In bed 28 is the sugar-cane plant, from the juice of
which sugar, one of the most important articles of food,
is made.

In the border of woody plants along the gravel walk are
such familiar fruits as the hazel-nut, black, red and white
currents, gooseberry, blackberry, black-cap, elderberry,

(8z )

chinquapin, barberry, huckleberry, and highbush blue-
berry. Along the west side of the brook will be found rice,
which furnishes the principle article of food for millions of
people, especia'ly in the tropics of the Old World; the cran-
berry plant; taro, also an important article of food in the
tropics, largely taking the place there of the potato in
temperate climates; and water-cress.

VITICETUM

The area devoted to the plantation of hardy vines is
above the easterly side of the economic garden, where
a rough arbor has been constructed for them to climb
upon. ‘The arrangement begins at the southerly end of the
arbor, on the left hand side, with the smilax family, to
which belong the green-briers or cat-briers. The yam
family is placed immediately opposite to the right, followed
by the mulberry family on the same side. The birthwort
family, with the dutchman’s-pipe as a representative,
follows the smilax family on the left, and opposite to this
is placed the buckwheat family, to which belong the
climbing bindweeds and brunnichia. On the left hand
side, and beyond the birchwort family, is the akebia family,
where one may find the five-leaved akebia, a native of
Japan. Following this on the same side is the moonseed
family, to which belongs the Canada moonseed. On the
opposite side of the arbor is the hydrangea family. Fol-
lowing this, also on both sides of the arbor, is the pea family,
including species of the peas and wistarias. Further on,
occupying both sides, is the staff-tree family, where may
be found the climbing bitter-sweet and other vines of this
family. Succeeding this comes the grape family, to which
belong the grapes, the Virginia creeper and the Japanese
ivy. On the right, beyond the grape family, is the ac-
tinidia family, represented by the toothed actinidia.
Then comes the trumpet-creeper family, of which the
trumpet-creeper, a native of the southeastern United
States, is a member. This family in turn is followed by

(82)

the honeysuckle family, represented here by several species
of honeysuckle and woodbine.

5. The Fruticetum

[COLLECTION OF SHRUBS]

This plantation, occupying about 16 acres, is located to
the northward of the lakes in the rear of the museum
building, and is confined to the area lying between the
lakes,the railroad, the woodland on the east, and the north
meadows. In this collection are brought together speci-
mens of hardy woody plants which are shrubs, that is, plants
with woody stems which branch from the ground and have
no single main stem. The arrangement here parallels
that in the herbaceous grounds and in the other syste-
matic collections. ‘The sequence begins on the southerly
side near the long stone bridge which crosses the Bronx
River, and proceeds on both sides of the path running to
the north along the edge of the woods, returning south-
ward on both sides of the path paralleling the main north
and south driveway, to the plum family, on the bank over-
looking the water garden. It then crosses to the senna
family directly opposite and overlooking the westerly lake,
proceeding northward from there across the transverse
driveway, and following the line of the path paralleling to
the westward the main north and south driveway. The
sequence then continues to the westward along the north
path, again extending southward at the Woodlawn Road
entrance, continuing on both sides of the westerly path
and terminating with the thistle family at the westerly end
of the lake near the railroad border. ‘The families will be
referred to below in this sequence. Woody vines are grown
at the viticetum.

The pine family, represented by some of the low-growing
junipers and pines, begins the sequence to the southward of
the approach to the long bridge. The next is the willow
family, beginning across the road from the pine family;

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(83 )

this group is located on both sides of the path and com-
prises many forms from various parts of the world; the
family is largely an inhabitant of temperate regions, so
many species can be grown here. The bayberry family
occurs across the driveway from the willows, occupying a
position on the bank overlooking the water garden. Here
may be found the sweet-fern, a native of eastern North
America; the sweet gale, at home in north temperate regions;
and the waxberry or bayberry, common in eastern North
America; the berries of the latter have a covering of wax,
which was separated by throwing the berries into hot
water, when the wax melted and rose to the surface, where
it was skimmed off; it is still used to some extent in making
candles. The monotypic corkwood family is represented
by the corkwood (Lettneria) of the southern United States,
which has proven to be hardy here at the foot of the terrace,
its catkins flowering early in the spring. ‘The birch family
follows the willows on the east side of the path; here are
the hazel-nuts, the alders and the shrubby birches; the
common hazel-nut and the beaked hazel-nut, both from
North America, also the common hazel-nut or filbert of
Europe, and others; the smooth alder, common along
streams and in swamps, is also here. Following the birch
family on the same side of the path comes the beech
family; here may be found the shrubby oaks and the chin-
quapin of the southeastern United States. On the same
side of the path, a little farther along, is the elm family,
represented by the dwarf elms; most of the members of
this family are trees and may therefore be found in the
arboretum. Immediately following this is the mulberry
family, represented here by specimens of the Tartarian
mulberry.

The crowfoot family occupies a space just to the north of
the willows west of the path, and is represented by the
moutan or tree peony, from China, and the shrub yellow-
root (Xanthorrhiza), from the eastern United States; its
roots are yellow, and at one time were employed as a dye;

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there are many herbaceous members of this family at the
herbaceous grounds. The barberry family is a little farther
north on the same side of the path; many species of bar-
berries and mahonias occur here. Among the barberries
may be mentioned: the common European barberry, the
ripe fruit of which is sometimes made into preserves, and
the unripe ones pickled as a substitute for capers—its
bark is used as a dye and for tanning leather; Thunberg’s
barberry, from Japan, a desirable plant for small hedges
and for the borders of walks; the neat barberry, from the
Himalayan region, which colors a beautiful red in the fall;
and the large-toothed barberry, from Nepal; the mahonias
are represented by the erect Oregon grape, from north-
western North America; and the Japanese mahonia. ‘The
magnolia family occurs a little back from the path, be-
tween the crowfoot and barberry families; there are here
several species of shrubby magnolias. The strawberry-
shrub family is located on the point dividing the paths,
opposite the mulberries already referred to; here may be
found several species of the strawberry-shrub, including
the hairy one which has the fragrant flowers scented like
the strawberry, the fragrant Chimonanthus, from Japan,
is a member of this family, and is known to the natives
there as karamume. A short distance to the north of the
strawberry-shrub family is the laurel family, represented
by the spice-bush (Benzoin), a native of northeastern
North America; as the different kinds of flowers, staminate
and pistillate, are borne on different plants, only those
having pistillate flowers bear the bright red berries in the
summer and autumn. In the lower land below, to the
east of the path, is the Virginia willow family, with shrubs
of the Virginia willow, a native of the southeastern United
States. Across the path from this is the hydrangea family;
here may be found the syringas, the deutzias and the hy-
drangeas, several species of each; the mock orange (Phila-
delphus), a native of Europe, indicates its presence by the
rich frangance of its flowers; the slender deutzia, from

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Japan, bears its long slender clusters of white flowers in
great profusion; the large-flowered hydrangea, a Japanese-
plant, bears a profusion of large bunches of white flowers,
which in the late summer and autumn change to a beautiful
rose color; the oak-leaved hydrangea is perhaps the oddest
member of this genus; it is native from Georgia and Florida
to Mississippi. Following the hydrangea family comes
the gooseberry family, and to this belong the currants and
gooseberries; one of the showiest is the long-flowered
golden currant, from western North America; its rich yellow
flowers give forth a delicious spicy fragrance. The witch-
hazel family is located to the north of the north path and on
the point opposite; here is thecommon witch-hazel, of eastern
North America, from which the extract of witch-hazel, or
Pond’s extract, is made, the Japanese witch-hazel, and also
a Chinese representative of this genus; the spiked cory-
lopsis, a Japanese shrub, belongs here, as do the fother-
gillas of the southeastern United States.

The rose family occupies a large area, beginning just
north of the gooseberries and currants and extending west-
ward to the main north and south driveway, and south-
ward along that as far as the first transverse path; here
belong the spiraeas, of which there are many forms, the
blackberries, the raspberries, the roses and others. Among
the spiraeas, the steeple-bush or hard-hack and the willow-
leaved meadow-sweet, or quaker-lady, are common as wild
plants in this latitude. Other interesting forms are
Thunberg’s spiraea, from Japan, and other Japanese
spiraeas. Among other plants of interest in the group
which contains the spiraeas are the Chinese pearl-bush,
a native of northern China, with its profusion of white
flowers in early summer; the Japanese rose, from Japan,
not a true rose, however, with bright yellow flowers;
another shrub from Japan, known to the natives of that
country as siro yama buki, bears large white flowers re-
sembling in appearance those of the mock orange; two
other Japanese shrubs, members of the same genus, and

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known to the natives there as kago ma utsugi and yama
doosin, respectively, the former an exceptionally graceful
and attractive plant; Neviusia, an extremely local plant,
known in a wild state only in Alabama; and the nine-bark,
of eastern North America. ‘To the southward of the spiraea
group comes the collection of blackberries and raspberries
(Rubus) represented by many kinds; two of the showiest
are the Japanese wineberry and the purple flowering-
raspberry, the latter common in rocky woods in this part
of the country. Farther to the south is the group of the
true roses; many kinds may be found here, including the
sweet-brier, the dog-rose, or wild brier, and the red-leaved
rose, all natives of Europe; the low or pasture rose of
eastern North America; and the odd-looking Watson’s
rose, a native of Japan. Numerous herbaceous species of
the rose family are grown at the herbaceous grounds.

Following this is the apple family; to this belong the
apples and pears, many of which, being trees, may be found
in the arboretum. Ofa shrubby habit, and therefore mem-
bers of this collection, are many of the hawthorns or thorn-
apples, the quinces, the rose-boxes, the choke-berries, the
service-berry and the shad-bush. Southward across the
driveway from these, and overlooking the easterly lake,
is the collection illustrating the plum family, to which
belong the plums, cherries, apricots and peaches. As
many of the species of this family are trees they may be
found at the arboretum. Among those represented here
are the western sand cherry, of northwestern North Amer-
ica; the three-lobed peach, a native of China, in its double-
flowered form; the dwarf peach, from Europe; and the
Russian almond, of Russia and western Asia.

Crossing the driveway to the west, the sequence is again
taken up on the ground overlooking the west lake, with the
senna family, represented by the Asiatic Judas-tree, of
China, and’ Japan, and) the) American | Judas-tree jontne
eastern United States; in spring, before the appearance of
the leaves, these are profusely covered with pink or pur-

(87)

plish flowers. Across the transverse driveway to the
north, and directly on the opposite side, may be found the
pea family. Here are various species of the pea-tree:
the pigmy pea-tree, from the Himalayan region; the Cham-
lagu pea-tree, from China; the common pea-tree and the
small-leaved pea-tree, both from Siberia. ‘The white
broom, the common broom and the dense-flowered broom
all of Europe, have representatives here; of these, the
common broom, in Spain and France attains the size of a
small tree, and its wood is highly prized for veneering and
cabinet work; its branches are extensively employed for
making brooms, whence its common name. Other plants
of interest are the false indigo and the bristly locust and
Kelsey’s locust, all from the southeastern United States;
the woody bladder-senna, from Europe and the Orient;
and the scorpion senna, from southern Europe. Immed-
iately beyond is the rue family, illustrated by the shrubby
trefoil (Pielea trifoliata) of the eastern United States; the
prickly ash, from the northeastern United States, and
Bunge’s prickly ash, from China, and the anise pepper
tree, of the same genus, from China and Japan; and the tri-
foliolate orange, from Japan, which has been used as one of
the parents in the recent hybridization experiments by the
U. S. Department of Agriculture in its effort to produce a
more hardy orange; the lemon and forms of the orange may
be found in the conservatories, together with other woody
members of this family. ‘The tanners’-tree family comes
next with a single representative from Japan. Following
this is the box family, represented by a number of forms
of the box-tree, from Europe, Asia and Japan; the wood of
the box-tree is highly prized for wood-engraving, on account
of its hardness and close fine grain, and it takes a fine pol-
ish. A few steps further on is the sumac family, to which
belongs the common poison ivy, so frequent in and around
New York City; here are the fragrant sumac, the mountain
sumac and the smooth or scarlet sumac, all from the eastern
United States; Osbeck’s sumac is a stately shrub from

( 88 )

China. The European and the American smoke-trees
(Cotinus) are relatives of the sumacs; the former is some-
times called the wig-tree, on account of the flower-clusters
which become white and feathery in fruit; a dye is obtained
from it which is called young fustic.

Crossing the transverse path to the triangle, the holly
family is on the nearest point, shown by the serrate holly
and the crenate holly, both from Japan, and the American
holly; the European holly is grown in the conservatories.
The Virginia winter-berry, of the eastern United States,
bears its bright red berries far into the winter. On the
opposite corner of the triangle is the staff-tree family,
illustrated by many forms of Euonymus; the European
staff-tree, the burning-bush of the eastern United States,
the winged spindle-tree of eastern Asia and Bunge’s
spindle-tree of the Amur region are shown. Pachistima
Myrsinites, from the northwestern. United States, is also
represented. Crossing the path to the north of the triangle
we come to the maple family; most of the maples are trees,
so they must be looked for in the arboretum, but here are
specimens ot the Ginnala maple, from northern China and
Japan. Immediately beyond this is the bladder-nut
family, represented by species of the bladder-nut (Sta-
phylea), both from the New and the Old World. Fol-
lowing the path to the west, we come to the buckeye family,
represented here by the small-flowered buckeye, from the
southeastern United States; many of the buckeyes and
horse-chestnuts are trees, and are grown in the arboretum.
Following this is the soapberry family, with the genus
Xanthoceras, a native of China, as a representative. At
some distance from the path to the left is the buckthorn
family; the most familiar plant here is the New Jersey tea,
or red root, of eastern North America; its leaves were
formerly used as a substitute for tea; the jujube-tree, an in-
habitant of the Mediterranean region and temperate Asia,
is of this family, its edible fruit oval in shape and about
the size of a plum, with an acid taste when fresh; the

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Dahurian buckthorn, growing wild from central Asia to
the Amur region, and the purging buckthorn of Europe,
the berries of which are medicinal, are here; from the juice
of the ripe fresh berries of the purging buckthorn, mixed
with alum, is made the pigment, known as sap-green or
bladder green, used by water-color artists. Close to this
is the linden family, represented by the genus Grewia.
The mallow family, further along the path, is represented
by specimens of the rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus),
from western Asia, and often found escaped from cultiva-
tion in the eastern United States; many herbaceous repre-
sentatives of this family may be found at the herbaceous
grounds. Near the mallow family is the tea family,
represented by the mountain Stwartia, from the south-
eastern United States; other members of the tea family,
including the tea plant and the common camellia, may be
found in the conservatories. Also near the mallows may
be found the St. John’s-wort shrubs (Hypericum), with
their showy yellow flowers. Farther on, where the path
bends to the left, is the tamarix family, represented by
several species of tamarix, Old World plants. Next comes
the mezereon family, having as a representative the
leather-wood or moose-wood (Dirca), of the eastern parts
of North America; the name leather-wood refers to the
very tough inner bark; the bark is a violent emetic; the
daphnes are of this family, and here will be found the
garland-flower, the spurge flax, and the Chinese daphne.

Some distance from the path and opposite the Woodlawn
Road entrance, is the oleaster family, including several
species of oleaster, the buffalo berry and the sea-buckthorn,
a native of Europe, the berries of which are acrid and poi-
sonous; the berries of several of the species of oleaster are
edible; the buffalo berry, of northwestern North America,
is largely eaten by the Indians of that region; the berries
of the oriental oleaster, known as Trebizond dates, are
made into cakes by the Arabs, after having been dried.
Plants of the ginseng family form a group opposite the

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same entrance, some of these being quite tropical in aspect;
the Japanese angelica-tree, from Japan, is one of these,
and another is Maximowicz’s acanthopanax, also from
Japan; the variegated Chinese angelica-tree, a native of
China, is quite ornamental. Beyond this group, and on
both sides of the transverse path, is the dogwood family,
shown by many species of dogwood or cornel (Cornus),
from both the Old World and the New; the red-osier dog-
wood, the kinnikinnik and the panicled dogwood are Ameri-
can representatives; the offcinal dogwood comes from
Japan and is known there as sandzaki; the dogberry,
gater-tree, or hound’s-tree, is from Europe and western
Asia; its wood is hard and is sometimes made into butchers’
skewers and tooth-picks; in France, an oil used for burning
and in soap-making is extracted from the black berries.
Benthamia Kousa, the Japanese flowering dogwood, from
China and Japan, is shown in a number of specimens; this
is related to our native flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon
floridum.

Across the path from the dogwoods, at the foot of the
steps, may be found the white-alder family. Here are
the Japanese sweet-pepper bush and the North American
sweet-pepper bushes or white-alders, their fragrant white
flowers appearing in August. The heath family is next,
represented by many forms of azaleas and rhododendrons;
the Japanese Pieris is a pretty plant, and another of a
related genus, from the southeastern United States, is called
mountain fetter-bush; the stagger-bush, of the south-
eastern United States, is also here. Following the path to
the south, we come next to the huckleberries and to the
shrubs of the storax family. On the other side of the path
is the olive family, which covers a large area, extending
along the path for a considerable distance; the olive-tree
is the type of this family, and specimens may be found at
the conservatories; in the fruticetum are several forms of
the golden-bell (Forsythia), from China; a number of the
privets, including the California privet, so much used for

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(91)

hedges; a variety of lilacs (Syringa), including the Rouen
lilac, from China, the Pekin lilac, from southern China,
the Himalayan lilac and the common lilac, a native of
eastern Europe, so frequently cultivated in gardens, and
the Forestieras. 'Tothe right of the path and following the
storax family is the logania family, with species of Buddleia,
including the showy variable buddleia, from China. Fol-
lowing this is the vervain family, and some of these shrubs
are especially attractive in fruit, among them being the
purple callicarpa, from China, and the Japanese callicarpa;
most attractive is the late-flowering clerodendron, a Chi-
nese plant, whose flowers have a delicious spicy fragrance,
much like that of the sweet-pepper bush; the sepals are a
beautiful rose color, while the corolla is creamy white; it
blooms late in the summer or early fall, when flowers of
shrubs are few.

We next come to the potato family, shown here by the
matrimony vine, a native of Europe, but often found
growing wild, its purple flowers followed by bright red
berries; most of the hardy representatives of this family
are herbs, so must be sought for in the herbaceous grounds,
while many of the woody species, and some of the herbs,
are tender, and may be found in the conservatories. The
figwort family is shown in a single representative from the
northwestern United States, Pentstemon Scouleri; many
other representatives of this family are in the herbaceous
grounds and the conservatories. ‘The succeeding group is
the honeysuckle family, to which is allotted a large area,
there being many hardy kinds; the viburnums are repre-
sented by many species, both from the Old World and the
New, such as the cranberry-tree, from north temperate
regions, ornamental by its masses of bright red fruit; the
dwart cranberry-tree, an exceedingly compact form, very
dense in its growth; the Chinese viburnum, from China
and Japan; Siebold’s viburnum, from Japan; the Japanese
snowball, from China and Japan; the wayfaring tree, from
Europe and Asia; and the woolly viburnum, from China and

(92 )

Japan; among American forms may be mentioned the
arrow-wood, Canby’s arrow-wood, the black haw or sloe,
the withe-rod, and the larger withe-rod with its large
bunches of showy fruit. The group of the honeysuckles
occupies a position across the path from the viburnums,
and here may be found, among others, the fragrant honey-
suckle, from China, one of the first to send forth its blos-
soms richly laden with perfume; Morrow’s honeysuckle,
from Japan, covered with coral-red fruit in late summer
and fall; Standish’s honeysuckle, from China; the narrow-
leaved Albert honeysuckle, from Turkestan; the blue fly-
honeysuckle, from north temperate regions; and the golden-
veined honeysuckle, from China and Japan, with the veins
richly marked with yellow, or sometimes the whole leaf
yellow. Across the transverse path to the south, and
overlooking the lake, may be found the weigelas, sym-
phoricarpos and the diervillas; the weigelas are illustrated
by many showy forms, flowering in early summer; the
showiest Symphoricarpos is the snowberry, native of nor-
thern North America, laden in autumn with its ivory-
white fruit, making it most attractive; the diervillas are
represented by two or three species, including the bush
honeysuckle, a native of northern North America. The
elder-berries (Sambucus) are also represented by two or three
species. The hybrid abelia will also be found here; its frag-
rant flowers are borne in great profusion during late sum-
mer and early fall; the sepals are deep red-brown and the
corolla is white, flushed with rose, making a pleasing
combination.

Following the viburnums comes the thistle family. Few
of the woody species of this family are hardy in this lati-
tude, but large numbers of the herbaceous species may be
found at the herbaceous grounds. As representatives in
the fruticetum, we have the groundsel-bush or pencil-tree
(Baccharis), a native of the southeastern United States,
bearing in the fall a profusion of white fruit, making it a
most attractive object; and some of the shrubby wormwoods

(Artemisia) of the Old World.

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(93 )

Salicetum.—The area occupied by this plantation is be-
tween the main driveway and the Bronx River, north of the
fruticetum, and comprises several acres. Here are brought
together moisture-loving willows (Salix) and _ poplars
(Populus) as a collection apart, many species grown here
not being represented in the arboretum and fruticetum.
In the corner of the salicetum, next to the driveway, is a
group of willows, consisting, in part, of the red-stemmed
yellow willow, of horticultural origin, and the Ural purple
willow. To the east of this may be found the golden, or
yellow willow, of common occurrence in eastern North
America, and Bashford’s willow, a native of France. Along
the west bank of the Bronx River may be found the cotton-
wood, or Carolina poplar, found wild in eastern North
America; and a row of the weeping willow, a native of Asia.
At the northern end of the area devoted to this plantation
are to be found, among others, the purple willow, a native
of Europe; and the black willow, of North America. Many
other species are represented in this collection.

6. The Deciduous Arboretum

This plantation extends over much of the garden area
east of the Bronx River. The sequence of plant families
begins at the southeast corner of the grounds and continues
northward to the northern boundary, occupying the easterly
ridge and the low grounds adjacent thereto. Here hardy
trees are brought together, trees being regarded as woody
plants which have a single main stem arising from the
ground and not branching until some distance above it.
The groups will be referred to in the order of their sequence.

The first is the willow family which occupies the land
near the south border, where a collection of willows and
poplars may be found. Of these Simon’s poplar, from
China, is of rapid growth and upright habit, and more
graceful than the cottonwood or Carolina poplar; the
American aspen, a native of northern North America,
the wood of which is largely manufactured into pulp

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for the making of paper; in northern British America it is
the principal fuel of the Indians, as it burns freely when
green and without sparks; the inner bark, which is sweet,
is often used by them as a food in early spring. ‘This tree
has been of great service in re-foresting large tracts which
have been denuded by fire; the long hairy appendages
to the seeds enable the wind to carry them far and wide,
and as they germinate quickly and the young seedlings
grow rapidly in exposed situations, it is admirably adapted
to the above purpose, quickly furnishing a covering for
the land until more desirable trees may get a foothold.
The white or silver-leaf poplar, of Europe and Asia, and
Bolle’s poplar, a variety of this with lobed leaves and quite
ornamental, are here. Another ornamental tree and one
frequently used where quick growth is desired, is the
eastern cottonwood, or Carolina poplar, common in eastern
North America. There also is the Lombardy, or Italian
poplar, from Europe and Asia, with its tall spire-like
growth. Among the willows are the white willow, from
Europe, and the weeping willow, native of Asia, a tree
commonly planted for ornamental purposes, and sometimes
known as Napoleon’s willow. An additional area to the
south, east of the long lake, is now being developed for the
willow family and the walnut family.

The walnuts and their relatives may be found in the
region to the north of the willow family and south of the
path. The narrow-winged wing-nut, from China, is here.
Of the walnuts (Juglans), the English Walnut, native from
southeastern Europe to China, produces a most desirable
nut, often called Madeira nut; the Romans introduced it
into Italy, and from that place as a center its cultivation
has spread in all directions, both in the Old World and the
New; the nuts form a common article of food in southern
Europe; in Europe and northern India an oil, called walnut-
oil, used as a substitute for olive-oil, is obtained by sub-
jecting the seed-leaves to pressure. ‘The black walnut
and the butternut are both wild elsewhere in the Garden,

(95 )

and the former is also represented here by small trees.
The pecan-nut (Hicoria Pecan), wild in the south central
United States, is another nut of popular favor, as is also
the big shag-bark, or king-nut, of the eastern United States.
The water hickory, of the southeastern United States, and
the bitter-nut or swamp hickory, of eastern North America,
are both represented, while the common shag-bark hickory
and the pig-nut grow elsewhere in the grounds.

The birch family is located along the driveway, west
and south of the stable, where birches, alders and horn-
beams are planted; the European hornbeam is represented.
The American hornbeam is common in Bronx Park, and
the hop-hornbeam is occasional. ‘Those desiring to study
the birches (Betula) will find several species available;
one of these is the yellow birch which grows wild in eastern
North America, and is one of our most valuable timber
trees; the wood, on account of its closeness of grain, strength
and hardness, is suitable for many purposes. Another is
the paper, or canoe, birch, of frequent occurrence in nor-
thern North America: the wood of this is preferred to that
of any other tree for the manufacture of spools, and is also
used in the manufacture of shoe-lasts and pegs; the Indians
also make use of its wood in the manufacture of sledges,
and from its tough bark they also make canoes and baskets.
The river or red birch may be seen here; it is frequent along
streams and lakes in the eastern parts of the United States;
its wood is used in the manufacture of furniture. The
black, or sweet birch is in the collection and this and the
poplar-leaved birch are wild elsewhere in the Garden.
There is also the European white birch and some of its
varieties, and the Alleghany birch and others. The alders
are present in several species: the dye alder, of Japan, which
becomes a large tree; the Japanese alder, also of Japan; the
speckled, or hoary, alder, of north temperate regions; and
the European tree alder.

The area devoted to the beech family lies to the west-
ward of that assigned to the birch family; the oaks, the

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chestnuts and the beeches belong here. ‘The oaks (Quercus)
are represented by many species. One of these is the
pinnatifid-leaved oak, from Japan, with its odd leaves cut
into long linear lobes; it is said to be a form of the toothed
oak of Japan. Near by is the rock chestnut oak, of eastern
North America; its wood is strong and durable, especially
when in contact with the soil, and is therefore of great
value for railroad ties and fence posts, and its bark is
largely used for tanning. ‘The mossy-cup, or bur oak, also
of eastern North America, may be found here; this was
discovered by the botanist Michaux in 1795, and is a
valuable timber tree, its wood largely used for boat-build-
ing, for the manufacture of carriages and agricultural im-
plements, for the interior finish of houses, and, on account
of its durability in contact with the soil, for railroad ties.
The red oak and the swamp white oak are natives of
eastern North America; the latter is also a good timber
tree, its wood being used for cabinet work and in various
kinds of construction. ‘The Japanese silkworm oak forms
a part of this collection; its leaves are much like those of
the chestnut, and might easily be mistaken for them; it is
often planted in Japan in the silk districts, as its leaves are
available as food for the silkworms, whence its name; the
Japanese make charcoal from its wood, and from the bark
they extract a black dye. The post, or iron oak is a native
of the eastern United States. Here may be seen also the
sessile-flowered English oak, a native of Europe and western
Asia. The large-toothed oak, of Japan, a valued timber
tree there, is represented near by; as is also the gland-
bearing oak, another Japanese species. The shingle, or
laurel oak, of the central parts of the United States, is not
of much commercial value, as its wood checks badly in
drying; it is sometimes used in making clapboards and
shingles. Schneck’s red oak comes from the south central
parts of the United States. The Turkey oak, of south-
eastern Europe and western Asia, is valued in that region
on account of its bark which is used in tanning leather.

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(97)

Several hybrid oaks form interesting parts of the collection.
The swamp oak, the scarlet oak, the black oak and the
white oak are to be seen in large wild specimens elsewhere
in the grounds.

The chestnuts (Castanea) are represented by the Japanese
chestnut, of China and Japan. The American chestnut
was in former years common about the grounds, some of
the trees being large and of great age. The chestnut
blight has destroyed or necessitated the destruction of all
of these trees. The beeches (Fagus) are located in the
north part of the swale at the west side of the oak family
reservation. The European beech and its purple-leaved
variety may both be found here in small, recently planted
trees; there are large specimens of the purple-leaved and
weeping varieties of this south of the mansion. Small
trees of the American beech are also here, but large wild
specimens may be found along the driveways and paths in
the vicinity; the wood of the beech takes a high polish and
is largely used for furniture, while the nuts are edible.
The uses of the European beech are about the same as
those of the American.

The elm family, to which belong the elms, the hack-
berries, or sugarberries and the water-elms, is located on the
ridge to the north of the stable. Among the elms (U/mus)
to be found here is the Scotch, or Wych elm, a native of
Europe and Siberia; the late-flowering elm, growing wild
from Tennessee to Alabama; the cork, or rock elm, of
northeastern North America; the Chinese elm, of northern
China and Japan; and the winged elm, or wahoo, of the
southeastern United States. The American elm and the
slippery elm are wild in the grounds. The hackberries
(Celtis) represented are the Georgia hackberry, the dog
hackberry, and Small’s hackberry, of the southeastern
United States; and the American nettle-tree, or sugar-
berry, of eastern North America. The water-elms are
illustrated by the pointed water-elm, a native of Japan.
The mulberry family is represented by the osage orange

(98)

(Toxylon), trees of which may be found to the south of the
driveway from the long bridge; it is a native of the central
parts of the United States; and by the Russian, red and
white mulberries. ‘The cercis-leaf family has for a repre-
sentative the cercis-leaf, of Japan, located just to the south
of the row of large tulip trees east of the Bronx River.

The magnolia collection is planted on the west and south
sides of the swale between the tworidges. Fraser’s magnolia
is one of those to be seen here; it is a native of the mountain
woods from Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. The
cucumber tree, the white-leaved Japanese magnolia, the
umbrella tree, and a number of hybrid forms are other
magnolias to be looked for here. Large specimens of the
umbrella tree and of the large-leaved umbrella tree will
be found at the north end of the herbaceous grounds, on
the west side; and still other species at the fruticetum.
The tulip-tree is shown by a row of fine wild specimens just
to the south of the long bridge over the Bronx River, the
largest trees within the grounds of the Garden. This tree
is native of the eastern United States and yields a valuable
lumber known as yellow poplar or white-wood; the Indians
formerly made their canoes from this wood. Four parallel
rows of this tree form part of the approach to the museum
building. Related to the magnolias is the custard apple
family, represented by two specimens of the North American
papaw, which will be found at the herbaceous grounds on
the west side, near the north end; this is a native of the
eastern part of the country, from Ontario and New York
to Michigan, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. ‘The laurel
family is represented by the sassafras, many trees of which
may be found wild in various parts of the Garden. The
sweet gum (Liguidambar), also wild in the grounds, repre-
sents the witch-hazel family.

The plane-trees are to be found just to the west of the
elms. Here are specimens of the American plane-tree;
it is a native of the eastern United States. On a knoll
nearby is a large specimen, native to the grounds, of this

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(99 )

tree, which is also known as the button-wood and button-
ball, and there are many other wild trees along the Bronx
River. Specimens of the oriental plane, a native from
southeastern Europe to India, will also be found here.
This is largely planted as a shade tree in Europe, and is often
used in this country for the same purpose. The wood of
the American plane, or button-wood, is largely used in the
manufacture of boxes for tobacco, for furniture, and for the
interior finishing of houses.

The apple family and the plum family are located to the
north of the driveway leading to the long bridge. In the
apple family may be found some of the tree hawthorns and
thorns, including the Washington thorn, a native of the
southeastern United States. Following to the west are
some of the true apples (Malus), among them the Siberian
crab-apple, a native of eastern Asia; the cherry-leaved crab-
apple, presumably a natural hybrid, originally from Siberia;
the American crab-apple, from the eastern United States,
the western crab-apple, and Soulard’s crab-apple, from
the central United States. In the plum family, among
others, may be found the rose-bud cherry, a Japanese plant,
and a highly decorative species; the ordinary sweet cherry,
originally from Europe and western Asia, a delicious fruit,
of which there are many horticultural forms.

Along the path in the little swale running to the west is a
collection of the Japanese flowering cherries which are so
highly admired by the Japanese, and this admiration is
shared by all who see these specimens at the height of
their loveliness which here is about the last week in April or
the first in May. There are about one hundred trees in
the collection, the blossoms from single to double, and the
colors ranging from white to the deepest rose, and one with
the blossoms a yellowish green, quite in contrast with the
remainder. There is also in this collection a group, oc-
cupying the point dividing the paths, of the Japanese weep-
ing cherry; this blossoms two or three weeks earlier than the
others; its long drooping branches, clothed with delicate

( 100 )

pink blossoms make of it a graceful and charming object.

Near the eastern end of the long bridge are trees illustrat-
ing the senna family, located south of the bridge approach,
and the pea family, the true family and the mahogany
family on the north side. One of those in the senna family
is the honey-locust or three-horned acacia (Gleditsia), a
native of the southeastern United States; its durability
when in contact with the ground makes its wood of es-
pecial value for fence posts, for which purpose it is largely
used; from China and Japan comes the Japanese locust,
also represented here. Another of this family is the
Kentucky coffee-tree, in several large and small specimens.
One of the representatives of the pea family, from the
Amur region, is the Amur yellow-wood (Maackia). An-
other is the locust-tree (Robinia), a native of the south-
eastern United States, but extensively naturalized else-
where; its wood is hard and close-grained, and is very
durable when in contact with ground or with water, so the
high value in which it is held for fence posts and for ship-
building may be readily understood. The rue family
has for representatives the Japanese cork-tree (Phelloden-
dron), from Japan, and the Asiatic or Sachalin cork-tree,
from northeastern Asia. The mahogany-tree family has
a single species represented, the Chinese bastard-cedar, a
native of China; the mahogany tree itself, and other repre-
sentatives of the family, will be found at the conservatories.

On the ridge to the northeast of the apple family, and to
the west of conservatory range No. 2, are trees of the ailan-
thus family, represented by the Ailanthus, or tree-of-
heaven, a native of China, but extensively naturalized in
the eastern parts of the United States, where in some places
it has become a nuisance, both on account of its ill-smelling
staminate flowers and its habit of freely suckering from
the roots.

On the ridge to the west of conservatory range No. 2 are
representatives of the maple family. ‘The maples (Acer) are
represented by a number of species. Perhaps the most im-

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portant of these is the sugar, or rock maple, a native of
eastern North America, and the principal tree yielding
maple sugar and syrup. ‘The sap is usually collected from
late in February to early in April; trees from twenty to
thirty years old are considered the most productive, and a
tree will usually yield in a season from four to six pounds of
sugar, some giving less and others much more. ‘This tree
is often planted for shade along streets and in parks, its
beautiful coloring in the fall enhancing its value for this
purpose. Its wood is largely used for making furniture,
in ship-building, for tool-handles and for shoe-lasts and
pegs. From the southeastern United States comes the
white-barked maple, also in the collection. Another tree
here is the red maple, ranging throughout eastern North
America; its wood is now used in large quantities for the
manufacture of furniture of various kinds, for gun-stocks,
etc. The striped, or goose-foot maple, sometimes known
also as moosewood, of northeastern North America, is a
pretty decorative species, especially attractive on account
of the beautiful marking of its bark. The box-elder, or
ash-leaved maple, native of eastern North America, rep-
resents another type with compound leaves. Three Old
World representatives are the common European maple,
of Europe and western Asia, the sycamore maple, from
Europe and the Orient, and the Norway maple, with a
number of varieties, also from Europe and the Orient.
The sycamore maple is a valuable timber tree in Europe;
its wood is used in the manufacture of musical instruments,
spoons and other household utensils. Farther north on this
ridge may be seen young trees of Koelreuteria, the varnish
tree, native of China.

In the buckeye family, planted north of conservatory
range 2, is the common horse-chestnut (Aesculus); for a
long time the native country of this tree was unknown,
and its home was ascribed by different authors to various
lands; it has been pretty well established now that it is
indigenous to the mountains of Greece. Another tree here

f CEO)

is the fetid, or Ohio buckeye, of the central United States;
its wood, as well as that of some of the other kinds of buck-
eye, is manufactured into artificial limbs, for which pur-
pose it is highly esteemed; it is also used for wooden-ware
and paper pulp. To the north of the buckeye family is
the linden family. The American linden, or basswood,
found over the eastern parts of North America, is here;
it produces a large amount of lumber under the name of
whitewood, which is used in the manufacture of wooden-
ware, furniture and carriage bodies; it is also largely used
in the manufacture of paper pulp. Another species is
the white, or silver linden of eastern Europe, and a third,
the common European linden.

Next in the sequence comes the ginseng family, repre-
sented by several species of aralia, while others will be
found at the fruticetum; many other species of this family
may be found at the conservatories. West of these is the
ebony family, represented by the persimmon or date-plum
(Diospyros), a native of the southeastern United States;
its wood is preferred for the manufacture of shuttles;
its fruit contains tannin, which gives it its astringent
properties; this fruit, when fully ripe, is eaten in large
quantities in the southern states, and is also offered for
sale in the markets of the north. Larger trees will be
found along the driveway east of the museum.

Further down the hill, west of the persimmon group,
is a collection of the flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon
floridum, both the form with white flower bracts and that
with red; the white-flowered kind is common in the wood-
lands.

Beyond the ginseng family, on the western slope of the
hill, is the olive family, represented by many species of the
ashes (Fraxinus), some of which are useful for timber. ‘The
common European ash is to be seen, and among the North
American representatives are the green ash; the Texas ash,
restricted to that state; the Biltmore ash, from Pennsyl-
vania to Georgia; the white ash and the red ash are com-

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( 103 )

mon. Following to the north is the figwort family, repre-
sented by Paulownia, a native of Japan. ‘Terminating
the sequence is the trumpet-creeper family, represented
by species of Catalpa; among these is the Indian bean, a
native of woods in the Gulf States, and Kaempfer’s catalpa,
from China.

7. Flower Gardens

Collections of herbaceous plants, useful for horticulture,
will be found along the west border from near the Mosholu
bridge to the Elevated Railway approach; along the path
leading from this approach to conservatory range 1 and
in the beds in the vicinity of this range; at the iris garden;
and at the water garden. Something of decorative value
is always to be found in these collections, from the appear-
ance of the early flowering bulbs and other harbingers of
spring to the arrival of the chrysanthemums in the fall.
The plants are plainly labeled, so that the collections may
be intelligently studied. If one is interested in establishing
a home garden, notes may be made here of such plants as
appeal to the individual, and any color scheme for any
period may be thus arranged for. It is not the purpose in
these collections to develop any special color scheme, but
to bring to the attention of the public as many different
kinds as possible of herbaceous plants which may be used
in the developing of individual ideas. Many other kinds
of herbaceous plants which may be used for decorative
purposes may be seen at the herbaceous garden.

The flower beds at conservatory range I are on the north
side in two series numbered from west to east. One series
is of seven beds, and the other is at the base of the terrace
on which the conservatory stands, paralleling it on three
sides. In these beds and in those on both sides of the path
from the Elevated Railway approach to the conservatories
are grown many kinds of bulbs, such as snowdrops, glory-
of-the-snow, squills, spring crocuses, early tulips, cottage
tulips, Darwin tulips, daffodils, poet’s narcissus, snowflakes,
lilies and fall crocuses. All bulbs have a resting period,

( 104 )

their foliage disappearing at this time, leaving bare spots
in the flower garden. ‘To avoid this, annuals, or green-
house plants raised from cuttings, are provided. ‘These
are sown or planted in time to follow the bulbs, thus giving
a succession of flowers for the summer and fall. In addi-
tion to the bulbs there are many other kinds of herbaceous
perennials here.

Bed no. 11, located at the foot of the east terrace, is
devoted to roses. ‘This collection was established in the
spring of 1913. The bed is about 250 feet long and 8 feet
wide. ‘There are over 400 bushes, representing about 140
kinds, including hybrid perpetuals, hybrid teas, teas, baby
ramblers, moss-roses and others. ‘The two rear rows con-
tain hybrid perpetuals, and a few other kinds, the two front
rows comprising hybrid teas and teas.

The iris garden at the southwest corner of the grounds
was established in the spring of 1916. In front of a back-
ground of conifers and deciduous shrubs is a border 10 feet
wide. ‘The rear portion of this border, with an occasional
approach to the front in places, is given over to irises, which
may be had in flower, by proper selection of kinds, from
early spring to the early part of July. The first to bloom
are some of the dwarf forms, such as Iris pumila and I.
cristata. ‘Then come those of the rhizomatous type, with
creeping rootstocks, such as Iris germanica, I. pallida, I.
sambucina, and many others. ‘These are followed by the
Siberian irises, and these in turn by the Japanese irises,
of which there are many beautiful color forms. If irises
alone are used, a garden of this kind is devoid of flowers
after the middle of July, and there are but few irises which
appear early in the spring. To avoid this difficulty it is
best to plant with the irises spring flowering bulbs, which
will give an abundance of color at that time of the year,
following these, as they go out of flower, with annuals,
which will carry the flowering period through the summer
and into the fall. The persistent foliage of the irises,
often of a gray green, offers a suitable background for
many annuals.

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The water garden is situated northeast of the museum
building between the lake bridge and the Bronx River.
An attractive display of hardy water-lilies, many of them
Marliac hybrids, may be seen here from June until autumn;
while the borders of the lake are planted with a variety of
water-loving herbaceous plants and shrubs.

LAKESIDE SHELTER

A concrete shelter-house stands by the path on the south-
western side of the upper lake, which lies just west of the
water garden. The southern and eastern banks of this
lake are decorated with masses of rhododendrons, mountain
laurel, and other shrubs and trees.

8. The Mansion

This large stone house, situated on the high eastern bank
of the Bronx River above the waterfall, came to the use
of the Garden with the tract of about 140 acres added by
the city to the reservation in 1915. At that time it was
much out of repair, but considerable work has since been
done upon it. The basement is used for shops for storage;
the Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences has occupied a part
of the building for several years, having museum collections
on both the first and second floors as well as the use of a
room for its Secretary; the Horticultural Society of New
York has been given office room on the second floor; some
of the laboratories of the Garden are located here; and part
of the first floor has been fitted up for board rooms.

g. Decorative Hardy Collections

Many collections of this nature will be found in various
parts of the grounds. They consist of trees and shrubs,
both deciduous and evergreen, and of herbaceous plants.

Along the driveways and paths will be found many kinds
of deciduous trees, and in the arboretum many other kinds
may be studied.

( 106 )

Groups of deciduous shrubs will also be found in many
places along the roads and paths, and in the fruticetum,
where these are arranged in families, the decorative groups
are in close proximity to the families to which they belong.
In the fruticetum will also be found a number of evergreen
shrubs. Other places where the decorative value of shrubs
may be studied are: along the west border, from the
Woodlawn Bridge south to the approach to the elevated
railroad, and at the foot of and parallelling this approach;
along the south border; and in the beds in the vicinity of
conservatory range 1. Evergreen shrubs, or small trees
which may be used in the same manner as shrubs, are
divided into two groups, those with broad leaves, such as
the rhododendron, known as broad-leaved evergreens,
and those with narrow leaves, sometimes like needles,
such as pines, hemlocks, spruces, firs, and yews, known
under the general term of coniferous evergreens. The
rhododendron is one of the most popular of the broad-
leaved evergreens. Collections of rhododendrons may be
seen on the east and south banks of the upper lake, just
behind the museum building; at the west end of the
Boulder Bridge; in front of the fountain at the museum
building; and on the north side of conservatory range I.
One of the best broad-leaved evergreens for this latitude
is the Japanese holly, Ilex crenata, fine examples of which
may be found at the foot of the approach to the museum
building, and others in some of the beds in the vicinity of
conservatory range I and at the mansion.

Coniferous evergreens, as individual specimens, may
best be studied in the pinetum. Groups of these plants,
used in a decorative way, may be found at the foot of the
Woodlawn Bridge approach; at the fountain in front of the
museum building; at the foot of the museum approach;
at the west end of the Long Bridge; and in the beds at the
foot of the terrace at conservatory range I, and in the other
beds to the north of the same range. As examples of the
mixed planting of deciduous shrubs and of various ever-

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greens, beds nos. I to 7 at conservatory range 1 and the
border screen of the Iris garden may be cited as examples.

10. The Hemlock Forest

The forest of Canadian hemlock spruce along the Bronx
River, within the portion of Bronx Park set apart for the
New York Botanical Garden, is one of the most noteworthy
natural features of the Borough of The Bronx, and has been
characterized by a distinguished citizen as “the most
precious natural possession of the city of New York.”

This forest exists in the northern part of Bronx Park on
the banks of the river and their contiguous hills; its greater
area is on the western side of the stream, but it occupies a
considerable space on the eastern side above the mansion
and below the boulder bridge. The area west of the river
extends from just above this bridge down stream to a
point nearly opposite the old Lorillard snuff mill, and is
the part commonly designated “Hemlock Grove.” Its
total length along the river is approximately 3,000 feet; its
greatest width, 900 feet, is at a point on the river about
700 feet above the waterfall at the mansion. The total
area occupied by the trees on both sides of the river is be-
tween thirty-five and forty acres.

While this area is mostly covered by the hemlock spruces,
and although they form its predominant vegetation, other
trees are by no means lacking; beech, ash, sweet birch,
red maple, hickories, oaks, dogwood, tulip-tree and other
trees occur, and their foliage protects the hemlocks from the
sun in summer to a very considerable extent; there are no
coniferous trees other than the hemlock, however, within
the forest proper. ‘The shade is too dense for the existence
of much low vegetation, and this is also unable to grow at all
vigorously in the soil formed largely of the decaying resi-
nous hemlock leaves; it is only in open places left by the
occasional uprooting of a tree or trees by gales that we see
any considerable number of shrubs or herbaceous plants,
their seeds brought into the forest by wind or by birds. In

( 108 )

fact, the floor of the forest is characteristically devoid of
vegetation, a feature shown by other forests of hemlock
situated further north. ‘The contrast in passing from the
hemlock woods to the contiguous hardwood area which
borders them to the west and north, toward the museum
building and the herbaceous grounds, is at once apparent,
for here we see a luxuriant growth of shrubs and of herbs,
including many of our most interesting wild flowers.

11. The Gorge of the Bronx River

The gorge of the Bronx River extends from the boulder
bridge at the north end of the hemlock forest southward
for about a mile, nearly to Pelham Avenue, and is a most
beautiful and picturesque natural feature, besides being of
great geological significance. Its depth from the summits
of the hills on both sides averages nearly 75 feet, and its
sides below the foot-bridge at the mansion are nearly ver-
tical rock faces. The hills on both sides are heavily wooded
with hemlock spruces and other trees. In the upper part
of the gorge the Bronx flows slowly, being held back by the
dam forming the water-fall at the mansion, and the ele-
vation of its surface is only a few inches higher at the
boulder bridge, than it is at the fall; after plunging over the
dam, however, the river runs in its unobstructed natural
channel with all the appearance of a mountain stream,
which at high water is exceedingly beautiful.

12. North Meadows and River Woods

The Bronx River enters the northern end of the Garden
from Williamsbridge and flows as a slow stream southward
to the water-fall at the mansion, its surface being nearly
level throughout this distance. It is spanned just inside
the northern boundary of the Garden by a concrete-steel
arched bridge with granite copings, which carries the main
park driveway across it near the Newell Avenue entrance.
The entire northern end of the Garden is formed of the
flood plain of the Bronx River, consisting largely of grassy

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meadows and marshes which at average flow of the stream
are several feet above its surface, but which at flood time
are occasionally submerged for short periods, the whole
valley being a very interesting illustration of the behavior
of a small stream with a large water-shed at and about its
sources. Considerable areas of the marshy land have al-
ready been reclaimed by filling, and by the lowering of the
dam forming the water-fall at the mansion; the general
plan contemplates a much further reduction in the amount
of marshy ground, and a further lowering and deepening
of the river by dredging, in order to take off freshets with
greater rapidity. A part of this flood plain is occupied by
the plantations of willows and poplars already described,
and these will be considerably extended, but large areas of
meadow will be left in their natural condition.

South of these open meadows, the valley of the river is
much narrower and is occupied by several acres of charac-
teristic river woods, containing a considerable variety of
native trees and shrubs, extending south as far as the long
driveway bridge near the northern end of the hemlock
forest.

13. Deciduous Woodlands

The natural deciduous woodlands of the reservation are,
collectively, over 40 acres in area, mostly in the central and
southern portions of the tract, where they occupy rocky
ridges and some of the valleys between these ridges. Along
the Bronx River, from the boulder bridge north to the north
meadows, are several acres of river woods, subject to over-
flow at freshet periods. ‘The woodlands contain many
species of native trees and a much greater number of kinds
of native shrubs and herbaceous plants; the undergrowth
is, locally, very dense. They are typical illustrations of
forests of our part of the country, and are treated and
protected as such. Dead and decrepit trees are removed
and dead branches pruned off from time to time; where
necessary, young trees are planted to replace those cut out;
the woods are patrolled to guard against forest fires. All

( 110)

available firewood obtained is burned in the heating plants
of the smaller buildings, and the use of coal is thus reduced.
In order to keep these woodland tracts as typical illustra-
tions of eastern United States forests, no extraneous plants
have been brought into them, except in one small area on a
bank just east of the fruticetum, where many herbaceous
woodland species not native of the region have been planted.

14. Park Features

The whole plan of the development of the Garden has
been designed in such a manner as to include all the features
of a public park, and it has been carried out in close coopera-
tion with successive park commissioners and engineers of
the Borough of the Bronx. ‘The grounds are open to the
public every day in the year without any charge whatever.
An elaborate series of driveways provides several miles of
Telford-Macadam roads, most of which are now constructed
with suitable entrances at ten points as follows:

i. Mosholu Parkway. 2. Bedford) Park Avenwe.)\zi
Southern Boulevard. 4. IrisGarden. 5. Linnaean Bridge.
6. Mansion Approach. 7. Arboretum entrance (not yet
completed). 8. Allerton Avenue. 9. Bronx River Park-
way. 10. Woodlawn Road.

Paths located so as to lead to all the principal features
are included in the plan, with an aggregate length of over
fifteen miles and approximately three-fourths of this system
has already been built, and there are several miles of forest
trails.

All the roads and paths have been located so as to do no
damage to the natural features of the grounds, particular
care having been taken to save all possible standing trees
and to avoid disturbing natural slopes except in the im-
mediate neighborhood of the large buildings, where con-
siderable grading has been necessary, but even here the
study has been to adjust the new surtfaces so that they shall
merge imperceptibly into the original ones. Ornamental
masonry retaining walls, made necessary by the-grades of
the roadways, have been built at the Mosholu Parkway

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entrance, at the Woodlawn road entrance, and at the ap-
proach to the Elevated Railway station, and vines have
been planted at the bases of these walls which partly clothe
them with foliage. The Bronx Boulevard, bounding the
Garden to the east, is supported along part of its length
by a high rubble stone retaining wall.

The plan of the driveway and path systems called for the
construction of six bridges; three of these, first, the lake
bridge, crossing the valley of the lakes near the museum
building; second, the long bridge, which carries the drive-
way across the valley of the Bronx River north of the hem-
lock forest; and, third, the upper bridge which crosses the
Bronx River at the northern end of the Garden, have been
carried out in masonry arches from designs by Mr. John R.
Brinley, landscape engineer of the Garden. A unique boul-
der foot-bridge of five arches, just at the northern end of the
hemlock forest was built from designs by the same engineer.
The concrete-steel bridge spanning the gorge of the Bronx
below the waterfall was built by the Park Department;
and the sixth bridge in the plan is a foot-bridge, temporarily
built of wood, ultimately designed in concrete, crossing the
Bronx River in the north meadows.

The bridge dedicated to Linnaeus, which carries the Pel-
ham Parkway across the Bronx, is appropriately located
between the Botanical Garden and the Zoological Park.

The park treatment further contemplates the planting of
shade trees where these are needed along the driveways,
and much of this has been done, a great many kinds of trees
having been used, and many shrub plantations have been
set out, especially at roadway and path intersections,
utilizing considerable numbers of the same kinds of shrubs
at different points.

The drainage of the grounds has been carried out in ac-
cordance with a well-studied original plan, which provides
outlets for the surface drainage for the most part either into
the lakes or into the river, only a small portion of it being
taken into the sewers; only a small portion of the drainage
system still remains to be built.

5023)

The water supply has also been constructed in accordance
with the general plan and the system has been extended
from year to year as the development of the grounds
proceeded.

The general planting plan includes provision for par-
tially surrounding the grounds, except at entrances, with
border screens. This planting has already been accom-
plished along the western and northern boundaries, and
partly along the southern and eastern boundaries. These
screens are composed of a very great variety of trees and
shrubs, variously grouped, and average about fifty feet in
width.

A feature of this border screen is an old-fashioned flower
border, composed of herbaceous plants in large variety,
which extends from the 200th Street, or Bedford Park
Avenue, entrance northward to the New York Central
Railway Station and thence to the Mosholu Parkway en-
trance, and there is a similar plantation at the Elevated
Railway station; here herbaceous perennials are massed in
front of a belt of flowering shrubs which in turn are backed
by the trees of the border screen, and so selected that some
of them are in bloom throughout the season. Among the
plants used in this old-fashioned flower border are daffodils,
crocuses, irises, phloxes, paeonies, rose mallows, sun-
flowers, cone-flowers, coreopsis, columbines and many
others.

Docentry

In order to provide a method for viewing the collections
under guidance, an aid leaves the front door of the Museum
Building every week-day afternoon at 3 o’clock, to escort
all who may wish to accompany him. The routes are as
follows:

Monday: Hemlock Forest, Mansion, and Herbaceous
Garden. Tuesday: Pinetum. Wednesday: Fruticetum
and North Meadows. Thursday: Deciduous Arboretum,
Nurseries and Propagating Houses, and Public Conserva-
tories, Range 2. Friday: Public Conservatories, Range I.
Saturday: Museums.

Butt. N. Y. Bor. Garp. Vou. IX. PL. 198

DOCENTRY

(333)

Rules

1. The picking of flowers, leaves, fruits, nuts, or the break-
ing of branches of any plants, either wild or cultivated,
the uprooting of plants of any kind, the defacing of trees,
and the carrying of flowers, fruits or plants into or from the
grounds of the Garden, are prohibited, except by written
permission of the Director-in-Chief of the Garden.

2. Leaving or depositing paper, boxes, glass or rubbish of
any kind within the grounds of the Garden is forbidden.

3. Dogs are not allowed within the limits of the Garden
except in leash.

4. It is forbidden to take fish from within the Garden, or
to molest in any way squirrels, birds, snakes, frogs, toads,
turtles or any other wild animals.

5. Throwing stones or other missiles, playing ball, foot-
ball, tennis, or other game is prohibited.

6. It is forbidden to offer for sale food, candy, news-
papers, books, tobacco, beverages, flowers or any other
objects, without written permission from the Director-in-
Chief and the Commissioner of Parks for the Borough
of the Bronx.

7. Boating or rafting on the ponds, lakes and streams is
forbidden.

8. Trucking, or the driving of business wagons of any
kind, is forbidden on the roads of the Garden, except on
those designated for such purposes.

g. It is forbidden to accept or solicit passengers for any
cab, carriage, or other conveyance, at any point within the
grounds of the Garden without written permission from the
Director-in-Chief of the Garden and the Commissioner of
Parks for the Borough of the Bronx.

10. Visitors are not allowed within the Garden after
eleven o’clock at night nor before six o’clock in the morning
except upon driveways and paths designated for their use
between those hours.

The Garden is also protected by all city ordinances refer-
ring to the Park System.

9D ON AM PW DN

(114 )

EXPLANATION OF MAP

. Public Conservatories, Range 1
. Water-lily Tanks

. Elevated Railway Station

. Power House No. 1

. Bedford Park Entrance

. Botanical Garden Station

. Mosholu Parkway Entrance
. Museum Building

. Pinetum

. Flower Gardens

. Southern Boulevard Entrance
. Herbaceous Garden

. Pergola

. Morphological Garden

. Economic Garden

. Viticetum

. Deciduous Woodlands

. Hemlock Forest

. Gorge of the Bronx River

. Gorge Bridge

. Waterfall

. Boulder Bridge

. Long Bridge

. Lower Lake

. Water Garden

. Lake Bridge

. Upper Lake

. Lakeside Shelter-house

. Fruticetum

30.
3;
32.
33-
34-
35.
36.
37-
38.
39.
. Allerton Avenue Entrance

. Stable

. Propagating Houses

. Nursery and Experimental Gardens
. Arboretum Entrance

. Long Lake

. Rose Garden

. Mansion

. Park Department Barn

. Park Department Band Stand

. Park Department Shop

. Park Department Greenhouses

. Picnic Grounds

. Mansion Entrance

. Linnaean Bridge

. Linnaean Bridge Entrance

. Iris Garden Entrance

. Iris Garden

. White Pine Plantation

Woodlawn Road Entrance
Salicetum

North Bridge

Bronx River

River Woodlands

North Meadows

Bronx River Parkway Entrance
Deciduous Arboretum

Power House No. 2

Public Conservatories, Range 2

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